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Table 3 Z-score differences in urinary phthalates between pregnancies with and without complications

From: Maternal urinary phthalates and sex-specific placental mRNA levels in an urban birth cohort

Model

Parameter

Large for gestational age (LGA)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

1.1

Intercept

−1.69 (−2.18, −1.21)

−1.45 (−1.86, −1.05)

β (mean)

0.11 (−0.10, 0.33)

p = 0.30

0.23 (0.00, 0.46)

p = 0.05

1.2

β (MnBP)

0.25 (−0.06, 0.55)

0.26 (−0.03, 0.55)

β (MiBP)

−0.02 (−0.23, 0.19)

0.20 (−0.05, 0.44)

 

p (interact) = 0.03*

p (interact) = 0.75

1.3

Female β (mean)

−0.09 (−0.39, 0.21)

0.22 (−0.08, 0.52)

Male β (mean)

0.27 (−0.01, 0.55)

0.24 (−0.10, 0.58)

 

p (interact) = 0.08

p (interact) = 0.95

2.1

Intercept

−1.43 (−1.77, −1.08)

−1.62 (−2.00, −1.24)

β (mean)

0.12 (−0.05, 0.29)

p = 0.18

0.11 (−0.08, 0.32)

p = 0.27

2.2

β (ΣDEHP oxidative)

−0.11 (−0.28, 0.07)

−0.01 (−0.24, 0.22)

β (DBP oxidative)

0.34 (0.11, 0.57)*

0.25 (0.00, 0.49)*

 

p (interact) < 0.0001

p (interact) = 0.05

2.3

Female β (mean)

0.07 (−0.14, 0.27)

−0.02 (−0.31, 0.26)

Male β (mean)

0.16 (−0.10, 0.42)

0.25 (−0.01, 0.51)

 

p (interact) = 0.60

p (interact) = 0.16

3.1

Intercept

−1.18 (−1.90, −0.46)

−1.23 (−1.93, −0.52)

β (MBzP)

0.07 (−0.22, 0.37)

p = 0.62

−0.27 (−0.59, 0.05)

p = 0.10

3.2

Female: β (MBzP)

−0.06 (−0.46, 0.35)

−0.28 (−0.76, 0.19)

Male: β (MBzP)

0.22 (−0.21, 0.64)

−0.24 (−0.67, 0.19)

 

p (interact) = 0.36

p (interact) = 0.60

4.1

Intercept

−0.27 (-0.97, 0.42)

−1.05 (−2.79, 0.69)

β (MEHP)

−0.26 (−0.59, 0.08) p = 0.14

−0.31 (−0.67, 0.05)

p = 0.09

4.2

Female: β (MEHP)

−0.24 (−0.69, 0.22)

−0.35 (−0.87, 0.16)

Male: β (MEHP)

−0.28 (−0.78, 0.22)

−0.27 (−0.76, 0.21)

 

p (interact) = 0.90

p (interact) = 0.53

5.1

Intercept

−0.68 (1.24, −0.12)

−0.80 (−1.33, −0.62)

β (MEP)

0.05 (−0.28, 0.38)

p = 0.77

0.02 (−0.33, 0.38)

p = 0.89

5.2

Female: β (MEP)

0.14 (−0.33, 0.62)

0.17 (−0.33, 0.68)

Male: β (MEP)

−0.02 (−0.47, 0.42)

−0.11 (−0.59, 0.37)

 

p (interact) = 0.29

p (interact) = 0.16

  1. Beta coefficients (z-scores, 95% confidence intervals) represent the difference in urinary phthalate concentrations between women with and without pregnancy complications
  2. Abbreviations: MnBP Mono-n-butyl phthalate, MBzP Monobenzyl phthalate, MEHP Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, MEP Monoethyl phthalate, MiBP Mono-iso-butyl phthalate, MCPP Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate, DEHP di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DBP DiButyl phthalate
  3. aAll models were adjusted for urinary dilution and placental-fetal sex. In Model 1, monoester metabolites of di-n-butyl and di-iso-butyl phthalate were modeled as a correlated vector, with adjustment for log urinary concentrations of MBzP, MEHP, and MEP. In Model 2, the sum of DEHP oxidative metabolites (MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP) and the DBP oxidative metabolite MCPP were modeled as a correlated vector, with adjustment for urinary concentrations of MnBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, and MEP. In Models 3–5, each metabolite was modeled separately and adjusted for log urinary concentrations of MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, and MEP
  4. Model specific covariates
  5. LGA: Model 1 (MnBP/MiBP): year of birth, season of birth, parity, weight gain (tertiles); Model 2 (oxidative metabolites): year of sample, body mass index at the start of pregnancy (tertiles). Model 3 (MBzP): maternal age, weight at the start of pregnancy, education; Model 4 (MEHP): weight at the start of pregnancy, year of birth; Model 5 (MEP): body mass index at the start of pregnancy (tertiles), parity, household income
  6. GDM: Model 1 (MnBP/MiBP): year of birth, season of birth, parity; Model 2 (oxidative metabolites): year of sample, season of birth; Model 3 (MBzP): maternal age, weight at the start of pregnancy; Model 4 (MEHP): weight at the start of pregnancy, year of birth, maternal age, second hand cigarette smoke, elective abortions; Model 5 (MEP): parity, household income. *p < =0.05
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X