Table 5 Effects of pesticides on ovarian function

Zama and Uzumcu, 2009 [57]

Prenatal exposure of pregnant rats to MXC 20 μg or 100 mg/kg/day from embryonic D19 until postnatal day 7.

DNA hypermethylation of several ovarian genes among which ER beta.

⇗ DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) levels in ovaries at 100 mg/kg/day

Park et al., 2014 [53]

Oral exposure of pregnant mice from gestational D12 to post-natal day 20 with 5 to 500 μg/kg dose of Simazine.

⇘ Ovarian weight and ⇗ apoptosis of granulosa cells in the F1 generation with downregulation of anti-apoptotic and proliferation genes

El-Sharkawy et al., 2014 [54]

Oral exposure of female rats to 200 mg/kg twice weekly to MXC alone, or combined with propolis (a natural anti-oxydant) 200 mg/L for 10 months

⇘ Ovarian weight, ⇗ atresia of primary, secondary and antral follicles, ⇘ ovarian antioxidant status and ⇗ in ovarian lipid peroxidation. Toxic effect neutralized using Propolis

Satar et al., 2015 [52]

Oral exposure of adult female rats to methyl parathion, every day for 8 days. Followed by ovarian histological analysis

Structural alteration of the ovarian stroma with ⇗ apoptosis phenomena in follicles during chronic exposure. = Alteration of follicular capital

Kotil and Yön, 2015 [51]

Oral exposure of adult rats to permethrine, 20 or 40 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Ovarian histological evaluation

Picnotic nucleus, condensed chromatin, alteration to the mitochondrial structure

Farr et al., 2006 [58]

Epidemiological study on 8038 women who live and work in rural American

⇗ median age at menopause by 3 months (OR = 0.87, CI 95% = 0.78–0.97) and at 5 months (OR = 0.77, CI 95% = 0.65–0.92) depending on the type of pesticides used