Table 3 Reviewed studies ranked by their explanatory potential on the etiological role of pesticide for CKD/CKDu
From: Pesticide exposures and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: an epidemiologic review
Study | CKD marker | Potential to explain pesticide role in CKD/CKDu | Associations | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |||
Pesticide exposure indicator | |||||
Rugama, 2001 [85] | CKD diagnosis at hospital admission | Pesticide use | Positive | ||
Gracía-Trabanino et al., 2005 [86] | Proteinuria >15 mg/L | Pesticide use | No | ||
SCr >1.5 mg/dL | Pesticide use | No | |||
Peiris-John et al., 2006 [87] | Chronic renal failure diagnosis at hospital | Acetyl cholinesterase levels in four groups (exposed CRF, unexposed CRF, exposed non-CRF and unexposed non-CRF) | Positive | ||
Wanigasuriya et al., 2007 [36] | CKDu hospital diagnosis | Pesticides | No | ||
Torres-Lacourt et al. 2008 [88] | eGFR <60 ml/min1.73/m2 | Pesticide use | Positive | ||
Pesticide intoxication | No | ||||
Kamel & El Minshawy, 2010 [6] | ESRDu | Pesticide exposure | Positive | ||
Aroonvilairat et al., 2015 [98] | BUN and SCr | Pesticide mixing and spraying in orchid for at least three months | No | ||
Orantes et al., 2011 [91] | Persistent CKD stages 1-5 determined twice with 3-months interval | Contact with agrichemicals | No | ||
Wanigasuriya et al., 2011 [92] | Micro-proteinuria | Pesticides | No | ||
Laux et al., 2012 [93] | Proteinuria | Work with pesticides | No | ||
Change in eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | Job as pesticide applicator over 6-month period | No | |||
Change in early kidney injury markers | No | ||||
Wesseling et al., 2016 [99] | eGFR <80 ml/min/1.73m2 | Any pesticide use | No | ||
Specific pesticides: glyphosate, paraquat, 2,4-D, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin | No | ||||
Sanoff et al., 2010 [89] | eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 | Pesticides | Weak positive | ||
O’Donnell et al., 2011 [90] | eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 | Any pesticide exposure | Weak positive | ||
Mixing/applying pesticides | No | ||||
Athuraliya et al., 2011 [19] Sri Lanka | Proteinuric CKD | Pesticides | Negative in CKDu endemic area Positive in non-endemic area | ||
Raines et al., 2014 [45] | eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 | Lifetime days mixing/applying | No | ||
History of accidentally inhaling pesticides | Reported positive, but not interpretable | ||||
García-Trabanino et al., 2015 [94] | eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 | Any pesticide use | No | ||
Carbamate insecticides | Positive | ||||
Glyphosate, paraquat, 2,4-D, triazines, organo-phosphates, pyrethroids | No | ||||
Jayasumana et al., 2015 [95] | Use of fertilizers, organo-phosphates, paraquat, MCPA, bispyribac, mancozeb | Positive only in unadjusted analyses | |||
Use of glyphosate | Positive also in multivariate analyses | ||||
Drinking water from serving wells and from abandoned wells (hardest water and highest glyphosate levels) | Positive with dose response | ||||
CKDu with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 for >3 months | Urinary organochlorine pesticides and metabolites and interaction with GST polymorphism | Positive | |||
Lebov et al., 2016 [97] | ESRD among male applicators | Intensity weighted lifetime days for 39 pesticides: Alachlor, atrazine, metalochlor, paraquat, pendimethalin, permethrin | Positive with dose-response | ||
Petroleum oil, imazethapyr, coumaphos, parathion, phorate, aldicarb, chlordane, and metalaxyl | Weak positive without dose responses | ||||
Glyphosate and 24 other pesticides | No | ||||
Pesticide exposure resulting in medical visit or hospitalization | Positive | ||||
Diagnosed pesticide poisoning | No | ||||
High level pesticide exposure event | No | ||||
Lebov et al., 2015 [96] | ESRD among wives of licensed applicators | Intensity weighted lifetime days for applying -Pesticides in general | Positive | ||
-Specific pesticides | No | ||||
Husband’s use of paraquat | Positive | ||||
Residential exposure | No | ||||