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Table 5 OP concentrations and associated factors among pregnant women observed in previous studies

From: Distributions and determinants of urinary biomarkers of organophosphate pesticide exposure in a prospective Spanish birth cohort study

Study

Location

n

Metabolites measured

Levels

LOD

Factors studied

Factors associated with OPs

Berkowitz et al., 2003 [8]

New York, USA

386

TCPy

11.3 μg/g a

12 μg/L

Indoor pesticides use, maternal age, ethnicity, marital status, maternal education, season

Lower/middle school (−)

PCP

7.3 μg/ga

23.0 μg/L

-

Castorina et al., 2003, 2010 [32, 33]

California, USA

481

DMP

1.7 μg/La

0.7 μg/L

-

-

DMTP

6.3 μg/La

0.5 μg/L

DMDTP

0.5 μg/La

0.3 μg/L

DEP

1.1 μg/La

0.3 μg/L

DETP

0.9 μg/La

0.2 μg/L

DEDTP

0 μg/La, d

0.1 μg/L

PNP

0.3 μg/La

0.1 μg/L

TCPy

3.2 μg/La

0.3 μg/L

Ye et al., 2009 [34]

Oslo, Norway

110 (pooled for analysis)

DMP

12.97 μg/g (10.39 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

-

-

DMTP

13.21 μg/g (9.91 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DMDTP

0.98 μg/g (0.75 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DEP

2.54 μg/g (1.94 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DETP

1.51 μg/g (1.19 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DEDTP

0.02 μg/g (0.18 μg/L)b

0.01 μg/L

Total DAP

31.23 μg/g (24.20 μg/L)b

 

TCPy

2.95 μg/g (2.33 μg/L)b

0.15 μg/L

Rotterdam (Netherlands)

100

DMP

19.78 μg/g (14.87 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DMTP

19.42 μg/g (15.14 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DMDTP

0.85 μg/g (0.65 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DEP

5.02 μg/g (3.83 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DETP

2.98 μg/g (2.49 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DEDTP

0.12 μg/g (0.10 μg/L)b

0.01 μg/L

Total DAP

48.18 μg/g (37.08 μg/L)b

 

TCPy

4.38 μg/g (3.61 μg/L)b

0.15 μg/L

USA (NHANES)

119

DMP

2.33 μg/g (3.22 μg/L)b

0.5 μg/L

DMTP

6.47 μg/g (7.09 μg/L)b

0.4 μg/L

DMDTP

1.22 μg/g (1.50 μg/L)b

0.2 μg/L

DEP

2.36 μg/g (2.38 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DETP

1.22 μg/g (1.59 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

DEDTP

0.18 μg/g (0.17 μg/L)b

0.1 μg/L

Total DAP

13.78 μg/g (16.96 μg/L)b

 

TCPy

2.59 μg/g (2.77 μg/L)b

0.4 μg/L

Wang et al., 2012 [14]

Shanghai, China

187

DMP

25.75 μg/g (17.19 μg/L)b

Nr

-

-

DMTP

11.99 μg/g (8.01 μg/L)b

DEP

9.03 μg/g (6.03 μg/L)b

DETP

9.45 μg/g (6.31 μg/L)b

DEDTP

P25: 0.94 μg/g

Yolton et al., 2013 [21]

Cincinnati, USA

100

SumDEP

9.4 (8–11.1) nmol/g creatininec

0.6 μg/L for DMP, 0.2 μg/L for DMTP, 0.5 μg/L for DMDTP, 0.6 μg/L for DEP, 0.4 μg/L for DETP and 0.4 μg/L for DEDTP

sex, race, maternal education, marital status, maternal employment, fresh fruit and vegetable intake, organic use

black (−), not married living alone (−), higher education (+) and veg/fruit intake (+)

SumDMP

46.4 (40.2–53.7) nmol/g creatininec

Black (−), higher education (+), not married (−), employed (+), veg/fruit intake (+), organic use (+)

SumDAP

73.5 (64.8–83.4) nmol/g creatininec

Black (−), higher education (+), not married (−), employed (+), veg/fruit intake (+), organic use (+)

Fortenberry et al., 2014 [35]

Mexico DF, Mexico

187

TCPy

1.76 (1.55. 2.02) μg/L c

0.10 μg/L

-

-

Colapinto et al., 2015 [22]

Canada

1850

DMP

3.19 μg/Lb

1.0 μg/L

Maternal tea consumption

-

DMTP

3.29 μg/Lb

0.6 μg/L

DMDTP

0.48 μg/Lb

0.3 μg/L

DEP

2.46 μg/Lb

1.0 μg/L

DETP

0.67 μg/Lb

0.3 μg/L

DEDTP

<0.15 μg/L

0.3 μg/L

Forde et al., 2015 [36]

Caribbean Islands

150

DEP

1.65 (1.39–1.97) μg/Lc

1.0 μg/L

-

-

DETP

DF < 60%

0.3 μg/L

DMP

1.60 (1.33–1.94) μg/L c

1.0 μg/L

Lewis et al., 2015 [23]

Puerto Rico

54

TCPy

0.4 μg/Lb

0.1 μg/L

Sociodemographic, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in the 48 h prior to urine collection, and home pest-related issues

Decreasing age (−), grape juice intake (+), raisins (+)

IMPY

<LOD

0.1 μg/L

Decreasing age (−), married (−), insects inside home (−)

PNP

0.5 μg/Lb

0.1 μg/L

Unemployed (+), collards intake (−), spinach intake (−)

DEP

0.9 μg/Lb

0.5 μg/L

Decreasing age (−), collards intake (+), peanuts intake (+), pesticides applied by participant (+)

DETP

0.5 μg/Lb

0.3 μg/L

Age (−), grape juice intake (+), raisins (+)

DEDTP

<LOD

0.1 μg/L

Cherries intake (+), pesticides stored at home (−)

DMP

1.4 μg/Lb

0.5 μg/L

Married (+), grapes intake (−)

DMTP

0.8 μg/Lb

0.1 μg/L

Married (+)

DMDTP

0.2 μg/Lb

0.1 μg/L

Collards intake (+)

Sokoloff et al., 2016 [24]

Canada

1884

DMP

23 (22–24) nmol/L

1.00 μg/L

Maternal and sampling characteristics, pesticide use and dwelling characteristics, vegetables and fruit consumption, grain products consumption

 

DMTP

20 (19–22) nmol/L

0.60 μg/L

 

DMDTP

2 (2–2) nmol/L

0.30 μg/L

 

DEP

14 (14–15) nmol/L

1.00 μg/L

 

DETP

3 (3–3) nmol/L

0.60 μg/L

 

DEDTP

DF < 50%

0.30 μg/L

 

SumDMP

52 (49–55) nmol/L

0.30 μg/L

Education (+), parity (−), BMI (−), smokers (−), afternoon sample collection (+), in fasting status (−), sample collected in winter (+), consumption of sweet peppers (+), tomatoes (+), beans and dry beans (+), citrus fruits (+), apple juice (+), soy and rice beverages (+), cold cereal (+), white and whole grain bread (+)

SumDEP

19 (18–19) nmol/L

0.30 μg/L

Education (+), household income (+), parity (−), BMI (−), smoker (−), sample collected in winter (+), consumption of citrus fruit (+), apple juice (+), pasta (−),

SumDAP

78 (74–82) nmol/L

0.30 μg/L

  1. aMedian
  2. bGM
  3. cGM (95%CI)
  4. dNo instrument response
  5. (+) positive association with OPs
  6. (−) negative association with OPs
  7. Nr: not reported
  8. DF: detection frequency
  9. LOD: limit of dermination