Newborn sex-specific transcriptome signatures and gestational exposure to fine particles: findings from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort

Table 4 Pathways modulated by long-term PM_2.5 exposure for girls and boys resulting from GSEA

Sex	Cluster label	Source: pathway	# genes	Direction of regulation
Girls	Aurora B pathway	PID: Aurora B pathway	36	DOWN
	Core matrisome	Matrisome: Naba core matrisome	142	DOWN
	Defensins	Reactome: defensins	18	DOWN
	Extracellular matrix organization			DOWN
		Reactome: extracellular matrix organization	49
		Reactome: degradation of the extracellular matrix	18
	FOXM1 pathway	PID: FOXM1 pathway	32	DOWN
	Histone related pathways			DOWN
		Reactome: amyloids	69	DOWN
		Reactome: RNA polymerase I promotor opening	54	DOWN
		KEGG: systemic lupus erythematosus	116	DOWN
	Olfactory signaling			DOWN
		KEGG: olfactory transduction	124	DOWN
		Reactome: olfactory signaling pathway	95	DOWN
	Porphyrin metabolism	KEGG: porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism	25	DOWN
	Ribosome related pathways			UP
		Reactome: peptide chain elongation	83
		KEGG: ribosome	85
		Reactome: nonsense mediated decay enhanced by the exon junction complex	104
	Transcription-SMAD2,3,4-TGFβ pathways			UP
		Reactome: generic transcription pathway	267
		Reactome: downregulation of SMAD2, 3, SMAD4 transcriptional activity	18
		Reactome: signaling by TGF-beta receptor complex	54
Boys	Apoptotic execution	Reactome: apoptotic execution phase	43	UP
	Cell cycle			UP
		Reactome: cell cycle mitotic	290
		Reactome: mitotic prometaphase	79
		Reactome: DNA replication	176
	HDAC class III	PID: HDAC class III pathway	22	UP
	UPA-UPAR pathway	PID: uPA uPAR pathway	30	UP
	RhoA pathway	PID: RhoA pathway	37	UP

For clusters containing more than 3 pathways, only the top 3 significant pathways are given.
# gene: number of genes within a pathway. uPAR Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor, HDAC histone deacetylase, FOXM1 forkhead box M1, RhoA Ras homolog gene family member A, PID Pathway Interaction Database, KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

ISSN: 1476-069X