Table 3 Evidence of material resources and psychosocial stress as modifiers* of the association between air pollutants and cardiovascular indicators, 2005–2016
Potential effect modifiers | Effect modification in the expected direction | Effect modification in the opposite direction | No effect modification | Total discrete articles | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material Resources | |||||
Individual measures | Education | Dragano et al. 2009 [22] | Rosenlund et al. 2009 [29] | Chi et al. 2016 [40] | 18 |
Kan et al. 2008 [23] | Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | Media-Ramon 2008 [32] | |||
Malig et al. 2009 [24] | Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2012 [33] | ||||
Ostro et al. 2008 [26] | Ren et al. 2010 [34] | ||||
Ostro et al. 2014 [25] | Rosenlund et al. 2009 [29] | ||||
Stafoggia et al. 2014 [27] | Zhang et al. 2011 [36] | ||||
Zeka et al. 2006 [28] | Zhou et al. 2014 [37] | ||||
Bravo et al. 2016 [30] | |||||
Son et al. 2012 [35] | |||||
Income/ Poverty status | Chi et al. 2016 [40] | Rosenlund et al. 2009 [29] | Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | 7 | |
Dragano et al. 2009 [22] | Ostro et al. 2014 [25] | ||||
Ostro et al. 2014 [25] | Zhang et al. 2011 [36] | ||||
Occupation/ Unemployment | Qiu et al. 2015 [47] | Chi et al. 2016 [40] | 4 | ||
Rosenlund et al. 2009 [29] | |||||
Son et al. 2012 [35] | |||||
Deprivation Index | Hicken et al. 2016 [48] | 1 | |||
Other | Ostro et al. 2014 [25] | Rosenlund et al. 2009 [29] | 5 | ||
Son et al. 2012 [35] | |||||
Stafoggia et al. 2014 [27] | |||||
Zhang et al. 2011 [36] | |||||
Area measures | Education | Chi et al. 2016 [40] | McGuinn et al. 2016 [42] | 3 | |
Wilson et al. 2007 [41] | |||||
Income/ Poverty status | Chi et al. 2016 [40] | Chiusolo et al. 2011 [44] | 8 | ||
Wilson et al. 2007 [41] | Haley et al. 2009 [45] | ||||
Winquist et al. 2012 [43] | Henderson et al. 2011 [46] | ||||
Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | |||||
Ren et al. 2010 [34] | |||||
Occupation/ Unemployment | Dragano et al. 2009 [22] | 1 | |||
Deprivation index | Barcelo et al. 2009 [49] | Bravo et al. 2016 [30] | Chiusolo et al. 2011 [44] | 8 | |
Chi et al. 2016 [40] | Hicken et al. 2016 [48] | ||||
Finkelstein et al. 2005 [50] | Rosenlund et al. 2008 [52] | ||||
Wong et al. 2008 [51] | |||||
Other | Hicken et al. 2016 [48] | 2 | |||
McGuinn et al. 2016 [42] | |||||
Psychosocial Stress | |||||
Individual measures | chronic stress | Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | 1 | ||
depressive symptoms | Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | 1 | |||
trait anger | Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | 1 | |||
trait anxiety | Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | 1 | |||
emotional support | Hicken et al. 2013 [31] | 1 | |||
stress index | Hicken et al. 2014 [53] | Hicken et al. 2016 [48] | 2 | ||
Total discrete articles | 18 | 4 | 17 |