Table 4 Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), adult-onset asthma and lung cancer in relation to an IQR increases in each pollutant in Toronto, Canada
Exposure | Model | COPD (1996–2012) | Asthma (1996–2012) | Lung cancer a (2001–2012) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||||
UFPs | UFPs only b | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 |
+ Neighborhood-level covariates c | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 | |
+ frailty term for neighborhoods | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.03 | |
+ Medical comorbidities d | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.04 | |
+ PM2.5 e | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.04 | |
+ NO2 e | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 1.01 | |
+ PM2.5 and NO2 e | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 | |
PM2.5 | PM2.5 only | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.12 |
+ Neighborhood-level covariates d | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.14 | |
+ frailty term for neighborhoods | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.08 | |
+ Medical comorbidities | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.08 | |
+ NO2 e | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.07 | |
NO2 | NO2 only | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.11 |
+ Neighborhood-level covariates d | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.08 | |
+ frailty term for neighborhoods | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.10 | |
+ Medical comorbidities | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.10 | |
+ PM2.5 e | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.11 | |