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Table 1 Distribution of urinary phthalate metabolites and BPA across pregnancy (μg/L)

From: Impact of phthalate and BPA exposure during in utero windows of susceptibility on reproductive hormones and sexual maturation in peripubertal males

  

Visit 1 (n = 199)

Visit 2 (n = 200)

Visit 3 (n = 225)

Prenatal GM (n = 229)

Variability

All

% < LODa

GM (GSD)

Max

GM (GSD)

Max

GM (GSD)

Max

GM (GSD)

Max

ICC

(95% CI)

 BPAb

23.6

1.0

(2.5)

9.3

1.0

(2.4)

13.2

0.7

(2.30

18.7

0.89

(2.0

6.9

0.32

(0.24,

0.41)

 MEHP

8.0

4.9

(2.8)

125

4.7

(2.9)

152

5.0

(2.8)

215

5.0

(2.2)

215

0.25

(0.17,

0.35)

 MEHHP

0

16.6

(3.1)

158

17.4

(3.2)

1290

19.6

(2.9)

383

18.6

(2.3)

383

0.23

(0.15,

0.33)

 MEOHPb

0

8.9

(3.1)

85.0

10.4

(3.2)

730

11.8

(2.9)

244

10.8

(2.3)

244

0.23

(0.15,

0.33)

 MECPP

0.2

30.0

(2.7)

252

31.9

(2.7)

2650

31.9

(2.7)

414

32.3

(2.1)

414

0.26

(0.18,

0.36)

 MBzPb

3.2

2.6

(4.0)

69.6

2.4

(3.6)

38.5

4.2

(2.6)

109

3.2

(2.4)

34.5

0.21

(0.14,

0.31)

 MBP

0.3

59.0

(4.1)

1340

49.0

(3.8)

1390

54.5

(3.4)

1190

56.0

(2.6)

468

0.28

(0.20,

0.38)

 MiBPb

22.0

0.92

(4.7)

118

0.7

(4.6)

26.5

1.9

(2.9)

40.1

1.2

(2.9)

32.4

0.31

(0.23,

0.40)

 MCPP

8.0

1.1

(2.9)

17.8

1.1

(2.8)

15.0

1.1

(2.7)

12.1

1.1

(2.2)

6.6

0.31

(0.23,

0.40)

 MEP

0.3

138

(4.2)

4480

119

(3.9)

4980

112

(4.2)

9810

126

(3.1)

2285

0.41

(0.33,

0.50)

 ΣDEHPc

 

0.21

(2.7)

1.7

0.22

(2.9)

16.0

0.24

(2.7)

4.3

0.23

(2.1)

4.3

0.24

(0.16,

0.34)

 ΣDBPd

 

0.27

(4.1)

6.1

0.23

(3.7)

6.3

0.26

(3.3)

5.4

0.26

(2.6)

2.2

0.28

(0.20,

0.38)

  

Visit 1 (n = 92)

Visit 2 (n = 91)

Visit 3 (n = 108)

Prenatal GM (n = 109)

Variability

Males

% < LOD

GM (GSD)

Max

GM (GSD)

Max

GM (GSD)

Max

GM (GSD)

Max

ICC

(95% CI)

 BPAb

26.8

0.93

(2.5)

7.9

0.87

(2.3)

9.2

0.64

(2.3)

9.0

0.81

(1.9)

4.5

0.28

(0.17,

0.42)

 MEHP

7.9

4.8

(2.6)

53.0

4.4

(2.8)

50.3

5.0

(2.9)

215

5.0

(2.2)

215

0.28

(0.17,

0.43)

 MEHHP

0

15.6

(3.4)

150

15.7

(3.0)

85.0

19.9

(2.9)

383

18.0

(2.3)

383

0.15

(0.06,

0.33)

 MEOHPb

0

8.3

(3.3)

80.2

9.4

(3.0)

53.5

12.0

(2.8)

244

10.4

(2.3)

244

0.15

(0.06,

0.33)

 MECPP

0.3

28.5

(2.9)

227

29.4

(2.5)

134

32.7

(2.5)

414

31.5

(2.1)

414

0.15

(0.05,

0.33)

 MBzPb

3.4

2.4

(4.3)

51.3

2.5

(3.8)

34.5

4.3

(2.5)

32.5

3.3

(2.5)

34.5

0.15

(0.06,

0.33)

 MBP

0.7

54.1

(4.2)

870

42.3

(3.7)

655

53.9

(3.1)

1000

53.0

(2.6)

468

0.24

(0.14,

0.40)

 MiBPb

25.1

0.76

(4.7)

118

0.62

(4.5)

25.8

1.7

(2.8)

40.1

1.1

(2.9)

32.4

0.32

(0.21,

0.46)

 MCPP

7.2

1.1

(2.7)

9.8

1.1

(2.7)

8.2

1.1

(2.6)

12.1

1.1

(2.1)

6.0

0.27

(0.16,

0.41)

 MEP

0.3

128

(4.2)

3260

117

(3.6)

2160

110

(3.7)

7950

124

(3.0)

2285

0.47

(0.36,

0.60)

 ΣDEHPc

 

0.20

(2.9)

1.6

0.20

(2.7)

0.93

0.24

(2.6)

4.3

0.22

(2.1)

4.3

0.14

(0.05,

0.32)

 ΣDBPd

 

0.25

(4.1)

4.5

0.20

(3.7)

3.0

0.25

(3.1)

4.5

0.25

(2.6)

2.1

0.25

(0.15,

0.40)

  1. LOD limit of detection, GM geometric mean of samples collected during pregnancy, GSD geometric standard deviation, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, CI confidence interval
  2. aLODs: BPA = 0.4, MEHP, MEP = 1.0, MEHHP, MEOHP = 0.1, MECPP, MBzP, MiBP, MCPP = 0.2, MBP = 0.5; bConcentrations were significantly different across prenatal visits (p < 0.05); cΣDEHP = molecular sum of MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP (μmol/L); dΣDBP = molar sum of MnBP and MiBP (μmol/L)
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Environmental Health

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