Table 2 Carcinogenicity classifications and sources of exposures for endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs)
From: State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment
EDC | IARC | NTP | Sources of exposure |
|---|---|---|---|
Bisphenol A | Â | Â | Polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins linked food cans, dental sealants, thermal receipts |
Phthalates | Â | Â | Fragrance ingredients in personal care and cleaning products, plastics. Also pharmaceuticals, building materials, insecticides and food packaging/food processing. |
 di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) | 2B | RA | |
 di-n-butylphthalate (DNP/DBP) |  |  | |
 monoethyl phthalate (MEHP) |  |  | |
 diethyl phthalate (DEP) |  |  | |
 butyl benzyl phthalate, (BBP) | 3 |  | |
 di-n-octyl phthalate, (DOP) |  |  | |
 di-i-butyl phthalate (DiBP) |  |  | |
 monomethyl phthalate |  |  | |
Parabens | Â | Â | Antimicrobial preservatives in food, personal care products, soaps and detergents, and pharmaceuticals |
 methyl-paraben |  |  | |
 propyl-parabens |  |  | |
 butyl-parabens |  |  | |
Alkylpenols | Â | Â | Detergents and cleaning products, antioxidants in plastic and rubber products |
 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) |  |  | |
 4-octylphenol (4-OP) |  |  | |
Triclosan & Triclocarban | Â | Â | Antimicrobials in liquid hand soap, other personal care products and household items |
EDCs found in sunscreens | Â | Â | UV filters |
 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor (4-MBC) |  |  | |
 octyl-methoxycinnamate |  |  | |
 octyl-dimethyl-PABA (OD-PABA) |  |  | |
 benzophenone-3 (Bp-3) |  |  | |
 homosalate (HMS) |  |  | |
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) & Perfluorooctanoic Sulfate (PFOS) | 2B | Â | Stain resistant coatings, non-stick coatings, commercial products including firefighting foams. |
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | Â | RA | Byproducts of combustion resulting from fossil fuel production, diesel exhaust, grilled meats, cigarettes. |
 Pyrene |  |  | |
 benz[a]anthracene | 2B | RA | |
 benzo[a]pyrene | 1 | RA | |
Triazine herbicides | Â | Â | Weed control for corn and sorghum crops. |
 Atrazine |  |  | |
 Simazine |  |  | |
 Cyanazine |  |  | |
Other Pesticides & Herbicides | |||
 Heptachlor | 2B |  | Insecticide, now banned |
 Dieldrin and Aldrin | 2A |  | Insecticide for corn and cotton, now banned |
 Chlordane | 2B |  | Home termites, general crop pesticide |
 Malathion | 2A |  | Residential, recreational, crop pesticide |
 2,4-D | 2B |  | Broadleaf weed herbicide |
 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4,5-TP) |  |  | Woody plant and broadleaf weed herbicide, now banned |
Persistent organochlorines | |||
 Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT)/DDE | 2A | RA | Insecticide, now banned |
 PCBs | 1 | RA | Electrical insulation, fluid coolants, plasticizer in paints, dyes & inks |
 Dioxins: 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) | 1 |  | Byproduct of burning of chlorine-based chemicals |
 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDEs) |  |  | Flame retardants, previously used in furniture and electronics; most have been banned or voluntarily phased out |
Aromatic amines | |||
 o-toluidine | 1 | K | Hair dyes |
 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) | 1 | K | Azo dyes in textiles |
 p-phenylenediamine |  |  | Hair dyes |
 2-amino-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) |  |  | Cooked meats |
 heterocyclic aromatic amines |  |  | Hair dyes |
Metals | Â | Â | Naturally occurring elements; contaminants in naturally derived colorants, clays, and other metals, found in cosmetics, toys, and other products. |
 Copper |  |  | |
 Cobalt | PO | RA | |
 Nickel | PO |  | |
 Lead | 2B | RA | |
 Mercury |  |  | |
 Methylmercury | 2B |  | |
 Tin |  |  | |
 Cadmium | 1 | K | |
 Zinc |  |  | |
 Iron | 1 |  | |