Table 2 Carcinogenicity classifications and sources of exposures for endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs)
From: State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment
| EDC | IARC | NTP | Sources of exposure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bisphenol A | Polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins linked food cans, dental sealants, thermal receipts | ||
| Phthalates | Fragrance ingredients in personal care and cleaning products, plastics. Also pharmaceuticals, building materials, insecticides and food packaging/food processing. | ||
| di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) | 2B | RA | |
| di-n-butylphthalate (DNP/DBP) | |||
| monoethyl phthalate (MEHP) | |||
| diethyl phthalate (DEP) | |||
| butyl benzyl phthalate, (BBP) | 3 | ||
| di-n-octyl phthalate, (DOP) | |||
| di-i-butyl phthalate (DiBP) | |||
| monomethyl phthalate | |||
| Parabens | Antimicrobial preservatives in food, personal care products, soaps and detergents, and pharmaceuticals | ||
| methyl-paraben | |||
| propyl-parabens | |||
| butyl-parabens | |||
| Alkylpenols | Detergents and cleaning products, antioxidants in plastic and rubber products | ||
| 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) | |||
| 4-octylphenol (4-OP) | |||
| Triclosan & Triclocarban | Antimicrobials in liquid hand soap, other personal care products and household items | ||
| EDCs found in sunscreens | UV filters | ||
| 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor (4-MBC) | |||
| octyl-methoxycinnamate | |||
| octyl-dimethyl-PABA (OD-PABA) | |||
| benzophenone-3 (Bp-3) | |||
| homosalate (HMS) | |||
| Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) & Perfluorooctanoic Sulfate (PFOS) | 2B | Stain resistant coatings, non-stick coatings, commercial products including firefighting foams. | |
| Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | RA | Byproducts of combustion resulting from fossil fuel production, diesel exhaust, grilled meats, cigarettes. | |
| Pyrene | |||
| benz[a]anthracene | 2B | RA | |
| benzo[a]pyrene | 1 | RA | |
| Triazine herbicides | Weed control for corn and sorghum crops. | ||
| Atrazine | |||
| Simazine | |||
| Cyanazine | |||
| Other Pesticides & Herbicides | |||
| Heptachlor | 2B | Insecticide, now banned | |
| Dieldrin and Aldrin | 2A | Insecticide for corn and cotton, now banned | |
| Chlordane | 2B | Home termites, general crop pesticide | |
| Malathion | 2A | Residential, recreational, crop pesticide | |
| 2,4-D | 2B | Broadleaf weed herbicide | |
| 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4,5-TP) | Woody plant and broadleaf weed herbicide, now banned | ||
| Persistent organochlorines | |||
| Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT)/DDE | 2A | RA | Insecticide, now banned |
| PCBs | 1 | RA | Electrical insulation, fluid coolants, plasticizer in paints, dyes & inks |
| Dioxins: 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) | 1 | Byproduct of burning of chlorine-based chemicals | |
| Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDEs) | Flame retardants, previously used in furniture and electronics; most have been banned or voluntarily phased out | ||
| Aromatic amines | |||
| o-toluidine | 1 | K | Hair dyes |
| 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) | 1 | K | Azo dyes in textiles |
| p-phenylenediamine | Hair dyes | ||
| 2-amino-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) | Cooked meats | ||
| heterocyclic aromatic amines | Hair dyes | ||
| Metals | Naturally occurring elements; contaminants in naturally derived colorants, clays, and other metals, found in cosmetics, toys, and other products. | ||
| Copper | |||
| Cobalt | PO | RA | |
| Nickel | PO | ||
| Lead | 2B | RA | |
| Mercury | |||
| Methylmercury | 2B | ||
| Tin | |||
| Cadmium | 1 | K | |
| Zinc | |||
| Iron | 1 | ||