Persistent organic pollutants and mortality in the United States, NHANES 1999–2011

Table 3 Associations between a one standard deviation unit increase in serum POP measures and all-cause mortality

Exposure	N	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^a	p-value^a
PBDEs (ng/g of lipid)
Σ PBDEs	436	1.07 (0.90, 1.27)	0.42
Σ PBDEs above LOD in >90%	473	1.10 (0.93, 1.30)	0.24
2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-153)	483	1.07 (1.00, 1.14)	0.06
2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-100)	483	1.05 (0.91, 1.23)	0.47
2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47)	474	1.10 (0.91, 1.33)	0.29
2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl (PBB-153)	482	1.04 (0.89, 1.21)	0.63
PFASs (ng/g)
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)	1036	0.91 (0.80, 1.03)	0.12
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)	1032	0.93 (0.82, 1.06)	0.27
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)	1043	0.92 (0.80, 1.07)	0.26
Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS)	1043	0.88 (0.72, 1.08)	0.21
PCBs (ng/g of lipid)
Σ Dioxin-like PCBs	380	0.94 (0.74, 1.18)	0.55
Σ Dioxin-like PCBs above LOD in >90%	414	0.91 (0.77, 1.08)	0.27
Σ Non-dioxin-like PCBs	405	0.94 (0.72, 1.22)	0.61
Σ Non-dioxin-like PCBs above LOD in >90%	413	0.97 (0.76, 1.24)	0.81
Σ TEQ Dioxin-like PCBs	385	1.01 (0.78, 1.31)	0.92
Σ TEQ Dioxin-like PCBs above LOD in >90%	420	0.99 (0.80, 1.23)	0.92
OC Pesticides (ng/g of lipid)
Trans-nonachlor	1404	1.05 (0.98, 1.12)	0.17
p,p’-DDE	1411	1.07 (0.99, 1.16)	0.09
Oxychlordane	1312	1.07 (1.00, 1.14)	0.07
β-hexachlorocyclohexane	1397	1.18 (1.01, 1.38)	0.04

Notes: CI, confidence interval; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; LOD, limit of detection; OC, organochlorine; PBDEs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers; PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls; PFASs, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; POPs, persistent organic pollutants; TEQ, toxic equivalency values
^a Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, and smoking status; materially unchanged with additional adjustment for alcohol consumption, BMI, and poverty income ratio

ISSN: 1476-069X