Risk factor | Adverse consequences | Context | Economic cost ($billions) | % GDP | % of Global GDP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lead exposure | Cognitive deficits | LMICs [53] | 1040 [775.5–1237] | 5.20 [3.9–6.2] | 1.68 [1.25–1.99] |
U.S. [57] | 54.0 [47.5–64.3] | 0.37 [0.33–0.44] | 0.09 [0.08–0.1] | ||
EU [82] | 60.6 [53.7–72.2] | 0.36 [0.32–0.43] | 0.1 [0.09–0.12] | ||
Total (sum) | 1154 [876.7–1373.5] | 2.47 [1.88–2.94] | 1.83 [1.39–2.18] | ||
Intellectual disability only | World (WHO) [29] | 16 [10–40] | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
World (GDB) [3] | 246 [154–615] | 0.4 [0.24–1] | 0.4 [0.24–1] | ||
Neurotoxicity total | World (WHO) [29] | 5 [3.15–12.6] | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
World (GBD) [3] | 283 [177–708] | 0.45 [0.27–1.1] | 0.45 [0.27–1.1] | ||
Methylmercury | Cognitive deficits | U.S. [58] | 4·8 [4.2–5.7] | 0.03 [0.026–0.04] | <0.01 |
EU [56] | 10.8 [9,6–11.2] | 0.06 [0.053–0.062] | <0.01 | ||
Sum | 15.6 [13.8–16.9] | 0.05 [0.044–0.54] | <0.01 | ||
Organophosphate pesticides | Cognitive deficits | U.S. [39] | 44.7 [14.6–59.5] | 0.30 [0.1–0.4] | 0.07 [0.2–0.09] |
EU [69] | 194 [62–259] | 1.14 [0.37–1.52] | 0.31 [0.09–0.4] | ||
Sum | 248.7 [76.6–318.5] | 0.8 [0.25–1.02] | 0.38 [0.11–0.49] | ||
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers | Cognitive deficits | U.S. [39] | 266 [133–367] | 1.8 [0.9–2.5] | 0.4 [0.2–0.6] |
EU [69] | 12·6 [2.08–29.4] | 0.07 [0.011–0.16] | 0.02 [0.003–0.05] | ||
Sum | 278.6 [135.08–396.4] | 0.9 [0.43–1.28] | 0.42 [0.23–0.65] |