Table 3 Estimates of economic costs associated with EDC exposures in the EU [81] and the US [39]
EDC | Adverse consequences | Context | Economic costs ($millions) | % GDP (2010) | % of Global GDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) | Testicular cancer | US | 81.5 [24.8–109.3] | <0.01 | <0.01 |
EU | 1100 [416–1100] | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Cryptorchidism | US | 35.7 [NA - NA] | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
EU | 172.6 [155.5–172.6] | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDE) | Childhood obesity | US | 29.6 [NA - 57.3] | <0.01 | <0.01 |
EU | 32.7 [NA - 114.8] | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Adult diabetes | US | 1800 [NA – 13,500] | <0.01 [NA - 0.08] | <0.01 | |
EU | 1100 [NA – 22,065] | <0.01 [NA - 0.13] | <0.01 | ||
Fibroids | US | 259 [NA - NA] | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
EU | 216.8 [NA - NA] | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate | Adult obesity | US | 1700 [NA - NA] | 0.011 | <0.01 |
EU | 20,800 [NA - NA] | 0.12 | <0.01 | ||
Adult diabetes | US | 91.4 [NA - NA] | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
EU | 807.2 [NA - NA] | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Endometriosis | US | 47,000 [NA - NA] | 0.32 | <0.01 | |
EU | 1700 [NA - NA] | 0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Bisphenol A | Childhood obesity | US | 2400 [NA - NA] | 0.02 | <0.01 |
EU | 2000 [NA - NA] | 0.02 | <0.01 | ||
Benzyphtalates & butylphalates | Male infertility resulting in Increasesed ART | US | 2500 [NA - NA] | 0.02 | <0.01 |
EU | 6300 [NA - NA] | 0.04 | 0.01 | ||
Phtalates | Low testoterone and increased early mortality | US | 8800 [NA - NA] | 0.06 | 0.012 |
EU | 10,600 [NA - NA] | 0.05 | 0.012 | ||
Multiple exposures | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | US | 698 [568–1950] | <0.01 [<0.01–0.011] | <0.01 |
EU | 3056 [1600–3800] | 0.014 [<0.01–0.017] | <0.01 | ||
Autism | US | 1984 [803–4100] | 0.014 [<0.01–0.024] | <0.01 | |
EU | 352 [105–530] | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
All compounds included | US | 340,000 [668–612,000] | 2.33 [<0.01–3.53] | 0.54 [<0.01 0.96] | |
EU | 217,000 [110,049–359,239] | 1.2 [0.75–2.12] | 0.34 [0.17–0.57] | ||
Sum | 557,000 [110,707–971,239] | 1.8 [0.3–3.07] | 0.88 [0.17–1.54] |