| All | AVC at Baseline | MAC at Baseline | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | (N = 6253) | Yes (n = 812, 13%) | No (n = 5441, 87%) | Yes (n = 585, 9%) | No (n = 5668, 91%) |
Characteristic | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 62 ± 10 | 70 ± 8 | 61 ± 10†| 72 ± 8 | 61 ± 10†|
Men (%) | 47.2 | 59.8 | 45.4†| 40.6 | 47.9†|
Ethnicity (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 White | 39.4 | 45.6 | 38.1†| 49.1 | 38.4†|
 Chinese | 11.9 | 7.9 | 12.9 | 5.8 | 12.5 |
 Black | 26.5 | 23.1 | 26.8 | 20.4 | 27.1 |
 Hispanic | 22.2 | 23.4 | 22.3 | 24.7 | 22 |
Education level (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Less than high school | 17.6 | 23.2 | 17.0†| 22.8 | 17.0†|
 High school or vocational school | 41.4 | 41.5 | 41.2 | 43.2 | 41.2 |
 College, graduate or professional school | 41.1 | 35.3 | 41.8 | 34.1 | 41.8 |
Annual family income (in $, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤24,999 | 30.9 | 38.1 | 29.9 | 43.0 | 29.7†|
 25,000–49,999 | 29.1 | 32.0 | 28.7 | 30.7 | 29.0 |
 50,000–74,999 | 17.3 | 14.2 | 17.7 | 12.2 | 17.8 |
 ≥75,000 | 22.7 | 15.8 | 23.7 | 14.2 | 23.6 |
Smoking status (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Current smokers | 12.8 | 10.1 | 13.3†| 9.8 | 13.1* |
 Former smokers | 36.6 | 46.6 | 35.1 | 40.0 | 36.3 |
General health characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Diabetes (%) | 12.4 | 19.5 | 11.3†| 18.2 | 11.8†|
Statin use (%) | 16.4 | 26.3 | 14.7†| 26 | 15.4†|
Antihypertensive use (%) | 32.6 | 48.9 | 30.1†| 47.8 | 31.1†|
Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 5.5 | 28.5 ± 4.9 | 28.3 ± 5.5 | 28.9 ± 5.6 | 28.3 ± 5.4†|
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 126 ± 21 | 135 ± 22 | 125 ± 21†| 135 ± 23 | 125 ± 21†|
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 51.0 ± 14.8 | 48.8 ± 13.6 | 51.3 ± 14.9†| 52.0 ± 15.1 | 50.9 ± 14.7 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 194.4 ± 35.9 | 195.2 ± 38.2 | 194.1 ± 35.4 | 193.5 ± 37.9 | 194.5 ± 35.6 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 78.1 ± 16.3 | 70.9 ± 16.5 | 79.2 ± 16.0†| 69.9 ± 16.8 | 78.9 ± 16.0†|
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.9 (3.4) | 2.0 (3.2) | 1.9 (3.4) * | 2.2 (3.5) | 1.8 (3.4) * |
Physical activity (MET-min/wk) | 4043 (5535) | 3480 (4890) | 4151 (5689) †| 3814 (4668) | 4073 (5703) †|
Air pollution in year 2000 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Household PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 2.9 |
Household NOx (ppb) | 51.3 ± 27.8 | 51.8 ± 29.0 | 51.2 ± 27.8 | 51.0 ± 27.9 | 51.3 ± 27.9 |
Individual-level PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 11.0 ± 3.3 | 11.0 ± 3.3 | 11.0 ± 3.3 | 10.9 ± 3.2 | 11.0 ± 3.3 |