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Table 1 Baseline (2000–2002) characteristics of study participants by prevalent AVC and MAC (N = 6253)

From: Exposure to ambient air pollution and calcification of the mitral annulus and aortic valve: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

 

All

AVC at Baseline

MAC at Baseline

 

(N = 6253)

Yes (n = 812, 13%)

No (n = 5441, 87%)

Yes (n = 585, 9%)

No (n = 5668, 91%)

Characteristic

     

Demographics

     

Age (years)

62 ± 10

70 ± 8

61 ± 10†

72 ± 8

61 ± 10†

Men (%)

47.2

59.8

45.4†

40.6

47.9†

Ethnicity (%)

     

 White

39.4

45.6

38.1†

49.1

38.4†

 Chinese

11.9

7.9

12.9

5.8

12.5

 Black

26.5

23.1

26.8

20.4

27.1

 Hispanic

22.2

23.4

22.3

24.7

22

Education level (%)

     

 Less than high school

17.6

23.2

17.0†

22.8

17.0†

 High school or vocational school

41.4

41.5

41.2

43.2

41.2

 College, graduate or professional school

41.1

35.3

41.8

34.1

41.8

Annual family income (in $, %)

     

 ≤24,999

30.9

38.1

29.9

43.0

29.7†

 25,000–49,999

29.1

32.0

28.7

30.7

29.0

 50,000–74,999

17.3

14.2

17.7

12.2

17.8

 ≥75,000

22.7

15.8

23.7

14.2

23.6

Smoking status (%)

     

 Current smokers

12.8

10.1

13.3†

9.8

13.1*

 Former smokers

36.6

46.6

35.1

40.0

36.3

General health characteristics

     

Diabetes (%)

12.4

19.5

11.3†

18.2

11.8†

Statin use (%)

16.4

26.3

14.7†

26

15.4†

Antihypertensive use (%)

32.6

48.9

30.1†

47.8

31.1†

Body-mass index (kg/m2)

28.3 ± 5.5

28.5 ± 4.9

28.3 ± 5.5

28.9 ± 5.6

28.3 ± 5.4†

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

126 ± 21

135 ± 22

125 ± 21†

135 ± 23

125 ± 21†

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)‡

51.0 ± 14.8

48.8 ± 13.6

51.3 ± 14.9†

52.0 ± 15.1

50.9 ± 14.7

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)‡

194.4 ± 35.9

195.2 ± 38.2

194.1 ± 35.4

193.5 ± 37.9

194.5 ± 35.6

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

78.1 ± 16.3

70.9 ± 16.5

79.2 ± 16.0†

69.9 ± 16.8

78.9 ± 16.0†

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

1.9 (3.4)

2.0 (3.2)

1.9 (3.4) *

2.2 (3.5)

1.8 (3.4) *

Physical activity (MET-min/wk)

4043 (5535)

3480 (4890)

4151 (5689) †

3814 (4668)

4073 (5703) †

Air pollution in year 2000

     

Household PM2.5 (μg/m3)

16.8 ± 2.9

16.8 ± 2.9

16.8 ± 2.9

16.8 ± 2.9

16.8 ± 2.9

Household NOx (ppb)

51.3 ± 27.8

51.8 ± 29.0

51.2 ± 27.8

51.0 ± 27.9

51.3 ± 27.9

Individual-level PM2.5 (μg/m3)

11.0 ± 3.3

11.0 ± 3.3

11.0 ± 3.3

10.9 ± 3.2

11.0 ± 3.3

  1. Results are reported as percent, mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range)
  2. P-values for continuous variables were calculated using t test with equal variances or Kolmogorov-Smirnov test where appropriate, and for categorical variables using chi-square test
  3. † P < 0.001; *P < 0.05
  4. ‡ To convert total and HDL-C cholesterol from mg/dl to mmol/L, divide by 38.67