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Table 2 Adjusted associations of air pollutants with prevalent AVC and MAC, compared to CAC at the MESA baseline exam (2000–2002)

From: Exposure to ambient air pollution and calcification of the mitral annulus and aortic valve: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

Prevalence Risk Ratio (95% CI)

Model

PM2.5 (per 5 Î¼g/m3)

PM2.5iwa (per 5 Î¼g/m3)

NOx (per 40 ppb)

Prevalent AVC

 

 1†

1.13 (0.85, 1.50)

1.23 (0.98, 1.54)

1.14 (0.94, 1.38)

 2‡

1.18 (0.87, 1.60)

1.27 (1.00, 1.62)

1.13 (0.92–1.37)

  3‖

1.19 (0.87, 1.62)

1.26 (0.98, 1.61)

1.11 (0.91–1.37)

 4**

1.09 (0.82, 1.60)

1.28 (1.01, 1.64)

1.09 (0.86–1.33)

Prevalent MAC

   

 1†

1.26 (0.89, 1.78)

1.10 (0.83, 1.45)

1.02 (0.82–1.27)

 2‡

1.20 (0.81, 1.76)

1.06 (0.79, 1.42)

0.94 (0.75–1.19)

  3‖

1.20 (0.81, 1.77)

1.01 (0.75, 1.37)

0.95 (0.75–1.21)

 4**

1.12 (0.75, 1.68)

1.02 (0.75, 1.38)

0.98 (0.72–1.20)

Prevalent CAC

   

 1†

1.12 (1.01, 1.25)

1.02 (0.94, 1.11)

1.03 (0.96, 1.10)

 2‡

1.13 (1.01, 1.27)

1.04 (0.95, 1.13)

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

  3‖

1.14 (1.01, 1.27)

1.05 (0.96, 1.15)

1.01 (0.93, 1.08)

 4**

1.16 (1.03, 1.31)

1.07 (0.98, 1.17)

1.01 (0.93, 1.09)

  1. *Bolded results are statistically significant
  2. †Model 1: age, sex, race/ethnicity, metropolitan area and CT scan type
  3. ‡Model 2: Model 1 plus smoking status, second-hand smoke exposure, physical activity, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and statin use
  4. ‖Model 3 (Main model): Model 2 plus income and education
  5. **Model 4: Model 3 plus family history of heart attack, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, anti-hypertensive medication use, C-reactive protein and eGFR