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Table 3 Adjusted associations of annual averages of PM2.5 and NOx with annual change in AVC and MAC over follow-up, compared to CAC

From: Exposure to ambient air pollution and calcification of the mitral annulus and aortic valve: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

Results presented as Agatston units/year (95% CI)

Model

PM2.5 (per 5 Î¼g/m3)

PM2.5iwa (per 5 Î¼g/m3)

NOx (per 40 ppb)

Change in AVC

   

 1†

0.99 (−3.77, 5.75)

−0.37 (−3.89, 3.16)

−0.73 (−4.53, 3.06)

 2‡

0.33 (−4.98, 5.64)

−0.21 (−4.08, 3.66)

−1.74 (−5.94, 2.46)

  3‖

0.29 (−5.05, 5.63)

−0.42 (−4.37, 3.54)

−1.90 (−6.20, 2.40)

 4**

−0.78 (−5.50, 3.94)

−1.15 (−4.55, 2.25)

−2.58 (−6.30, 1.20)

Change in MAC

   

 1†

2.85 (−9.21, 14.91)

−0.61 (−8.94, 7.71)

1.28 (−8.33, 10.89)

 2‡

3.40 (−10.03, 16.83)

1.28 (−7.82, 10.38)

2.32 (−8.29, 12.93)

  3‖

4.38 (−9.13, 17.88)

2.15 (−7.14, 11.43)

3.94 (−6.93, 14.83)

 4**

2.72 (−11.21, 16.65)

1.44 (−8.24, 11.12)

2.26 (−8.87, 13.39)

Change in CAC

   

 1†

6.84 (−0.68, 14.36)

2.64 (−2.70, 7.98)

3.44 (−2.56, 9.43)

 2‡

8.36 (0.36, 16.37)

3.18 (−2.43, 8.79)

3.43 (−2.89, 9.75)

  3‖

8.66 (0.61, 16.71)

3.07 (−2.65, 8.79)

3.66 (−2.82, 10.14)

 4**

9.12 (1.16, 17.09)

3.39 (−2.16, 8.94)

2.55 (−3.31, 8.91)

  1. *Bolded results are statistically significant
  2. †Model 1: age, sex, race/ethnicity, metropolitan area and CT scan type
  3. ‡Model 2: Model 1 plus smoking status, second-hand smoke exposure, physical activity, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and statin use
  4. ‖Model 3 (Main model): Model 2 plus income and education
  5. **Model 4: Model 3 plus family history of heart attack, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, anti-hypertensive medication use, C-reactive protein and eGFR