Fig. 1

Predicted birth weight-for-gestational age z-scores for different scenarios of prenatal smoking, first trimester residential black carbon, and prenatal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) plasma concentration. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Estimates are based on a model adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, season of birth, and date of birth; are for a “typical” (average) Project Viva participant: 31.8 years old, a college graduate, white, multiparous, and had a pre-pregnancy BMI of 25.0 kg/m²; and are for a white full-term (40 weeks) offspring [29].