Fig. 2

Monotonic relationships between urine GLY in pregnant women and their birth outcomes: (a) Birthweight Percentile, (b) Head Circumference, and (c) Gestational Length. Legend: A monotonic relationship shows that variables are changing concurrently, but not at the same rate, thus, this relationship is not linear. Spearman’s rank-based correlations (r) show here the strength and direction of the monotonic relationships between the urine GLY measures and birth outcomes. p-values were calculated at significance level of 0.05 with key confounders. Correlation analysis was adjusted for the confounders maternal age, BMI, tobacco use, alcohol use, and trimester of pregnancy