Fig. 2

Two complementary paradigms for the management of factors hazardous to human health are illustrated. The current paradigm (panel a) and the proposed additional paradigm (panel b) are schematically illustrated. Along the current strategy, the dashed arrows indicate that, based on a single hazardous factor (D), different systems and adverse effects are considered (X, Y, Z, …), each deserving demonstration of causality before risk is assessed and the hazardous factor managed. The approach of the issue as a whole is meant to reduce interactions among hazardous factors, save time before hazard reduction and contribute to equal opportunity access to environmental health