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Table 3 Associations between blood pressures and air pollutants by BMI categories (single-pollutant model) (n = 16,188)

From: Overweight modifies the association between long-term ambient air pollution and prehypertension in Chinese adults: the 33 Communities Chinese Health Study

 

Systolic blood pressure

 

Diastolic blood pressure

 
 

Normal weight

Overweight

Pollutant*overweight

p interaction

Normal weight

Overweight

Pollutant*overweight

p interaction

Pollutant

Estimate (95% CI)ab

Estimate (95% CI)ab

Estimate (95% CI)ab

value

Estimate (95% CI)ab

Estimate (95% CI)ab

Estimate (95% CI)ab

value

Total

 PM10

0.49 (0.18, 0.80)

3.93 (3.53, 4.33)

0.73 (0.68, 0.79)

< 0.0001

0.22(0.01, 0.43)

1.37 (1.12, 1.63)

0.50 (0.47, 0.54)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.42 (0.12, 0.72)

3.13 (2.74, 3.51)

1.74 (1.61, 1.86)

< 0.0001

0.18 (− 0.02, 0.39)

1.15 (0.91, 1.39)

1.17 (1.08, 1.25)

< 0.0001

 NO2

0.10 (−0.28, 0.47)

1.82 (1.30, 2.33)

1.19 (1.10, 1.28)

< 0.0001

0.14 (−0.12, 0.39)

0.80 (0.48, 1.12)

0.82 (0.76, 0.88)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.61 (0.21, 1.01)

4.53 (4.02, 5.05)

2.08 (1.93, 2.23)

< 0.0001

0.36 (0.09, 0.63)

1.63 (1.31, 1.95)

1.39 (1.29, 1.49)

< 0.0001

Men

 PM10

0.25 (−0.17, 0.67)

2.21 (1.67, 2.76)

0.65 (0.58, 0.73)

< 0.0001

0.26 (−0.04, 0.56)

0.70 (0.36, 1.03)

0.46 (0.41, 0.51)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.27 (−0.14, 0.68)

1.89 (1.37, 2.40)

1.53 (1.36, 1.69)

< 0.0001

0.25 (−0.04, 0.54)

0.65 (0.33, 0.97)

1.03 (0.92, 1.15)

< 0.0001

 NO2

0.03 (−0.48, 0.55)

1.17 (0.50, 1.84)

1.07 (0.95, 1.19)

< 0.0001

0.11 (−0.25, 0.48)

0.42 (0.01, 0.83)

0.75 (0.67, 0.83)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.33 (−0.21, 0.88)

2.94 (2.26, 3.63)

1.83 (1.63, 2.03)

< 0.0001

0.52 (0.13, 0.92)

0.97 (0.55, 1.40)

1.23 (1.09, 1.37)

< 0.0001

Women

 PM10

0.64 (0.21, 1.08)

5.30 (4.74, 5.87)

0.68 (0.60, 0.76)

< 0.0001

0.19 (−0.10, 0.48)

2.03 (1.65, 2.41)

0.50 (0.45, 0.56)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.48 (0.07, 0.90)

4.06 (3.50, 4.62)

1.66 (1.47, 1.84)

< 0.0001

0.14 (− 0.14, 0.41)

1.64 (1.27, 2.01)

1.18 (1.06, 1.30)

< 0.0001

 NO2

0.12 (− 0.40, 0.64)

2.43 (1.67, 3.19)

1.10 (0.97, 1.23)

< 0.0001

0.10 (− 0.24, 0.45)

1.20 (0.71, 1.68)

0.81 (0.73, 0.90)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.74 (0.18, 1.31)

5.69 (4.95, 6.43)

1.98 (1.76, 2.21)

< 0.0001

0.23 (−0.15, 0.60)

2.27 (1.78, 2.75)

1.41 (1.26, 1.56)

< 0.0001

Age < 60 years

 PM10

0.52 (0.20, 0.84)

3.72 (3.30, 4.14)

0.76 (0.70, 0.82)

< 0.0001

0.28 (0.06, 0.49)

1.38 (1.11, 1.65)

0.50 (0.46, 0.54)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.46 (0.15, 0.77)

3.00 (2.59, 3.40)

1.79 (1.66, 1.92)

< 0.0001

0.24 (0.03, 0.45)

1.16 (0.91, 1.42)

1.15 (1.06, 1.24)

< 0.0001

 NO2

0.08(−0.31, 0.46)

1.69 (1.16, 2.23)

1.24 (1.15, 1.33)

< 0.0001

0.14 (−0.12, 0.41)

0.76 (0.42, 1.09)

0.81 (0.75, 0.88)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.68 (0.26, 1.09)

4.34 (3.81, 4.88)

2.14 (1.98, 2.30)

< 0.0001

0.42 (0.14, 0.70)

1.64 (1.30, 1.98)

1.37 (1.27, 1.48)

< 0.0001

Age ≥ 60 years

 PM10

0.40 (−0.68, 1.49)

5.27 (4.06, 6.48)

0.60 (0.42, 0.79)

< 0.0001

−0.30 (− 0.98, 0.39)

1.35 (0.63, 2.07)

0.47 (0.35, 0.58)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.43 (−0.62, 1.48)

3.55 (2.38, 4.72)

1.50 (1.08, 1.93)

< 0.0001

−0.32 (− 0.98, 0.35)

0.89 (0.21, 1.56)

1.11 (0.84, 1.38)

< 0.0001

 NO2

−0.74 (−2.12, 0.64)

3.04 (1.50, 4.58)

1.01 (0.70, 1.31)

< 0.0001

−0.07 (− 0.94, 0.81)

1.32 (0.45, 2.19)

0.75 (0.56, 0.94)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.47 (−0.96, 1.89)

5.33 (3.75, 6.91)

1.83 (1.32, 2.34)

< 0.0001

−0.28 (−1.18, 0.62)

1.32 (0.40, 2.25)

1.33 (1.01, 1.65)

< 0.0001

GDP < 73,459 Yuan

 PM10

0.40 (0.11, 0.69)

3.48 (3.10, 3.86)

0.75 (0.68, 0.83)

< 0.0001

0.21 (0.02, 0.41)

1.25 (1.01, 1.50)

0.51 (0.46, 0.56)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.47 (0.04, 0.90)

4.39 (3.82, 5.00)

1.13 (1.66, 2.00)

< 0.0001

0.24 (−0.06, 0.53)

1.63 (1.26, 1.99)

1.20 (1.08, 1.32)

< 0.0001

 NO2

0.50 (0.10, 0.90)

4.45 (3.91, 4.99)

1.20 (1.09, 1.32)

< 0.0001

0.30 (0.03, 0.57)

1.61 (1.27, 1.96)

0.82 (0.74, 0.90)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.54 (0.11, 0.97)

4.78 (4.22, 5.34)

2.40 (2.18, 2.63)

< 0.0001

0.35 (0.05, 0.64)

1.73 (1.37, 2.09)

1.55 (1.40, 1.70)

< 0.0001

GDP ≥ 73,459 Yuan

 PM10

0.38 (−0.59, 1.34)

4.07 (2.75, 5.39)

0.71 (0.63, 0.79)

< 0.0001

−0.05 (− 0.70, 0.60)

1.26 (0.43, 2.09)

0.50 (0.44, 0.55)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.36 (−0.40, 1.17)

2.71 (1.67, 3.75)

1.62 (1.44, 1.81)

< 0.0001

0.32 (−0.19, 0.83)

0.83 (0.18, 1.48)

1.12 (1.00, 1.24)

< 0.0001

 NO2

−0.86 (−1.56, − 0.17)

−4.95 (−5.87, −4.03)

1.15 (1.02, 1.28)

< 0.0001

−0.30 (− 0.77, 0.17)

− 1.21 (− 1.80, − 0.63)

0.83 (0.74, 0.92)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.72 (− 0.99, 2.43)

5.73 (3.37, 8.08)

1.80 (1.60, 2.01)

< 0.0001

0.69 (− 0.47, 1.84)

1.80 (0.33, 3.27)

1.26 (1.13, 1.40)

< 0.0001

PD < 8733 person/km2

 PM10

0.81 (0.15, 1.47)

5.87 (4.97, 6.76)

0.68 (0.61, 0.75)

< 0.0001

−0.03 (− 0.48, 0.43)

2.21 (1.65, 2.76)

0.50 (0.45, 0.55)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.62 (0.14, 1.11)

4.23 (3.58, 4.87)

1.64 (1.48, 1.81)

< 0.0001

0.18 (−0.15, 0.50)

1.48 (1.07, 1.89)

1.16 (1.05, 1.27)

< 0.0001

 NO2

0.25 (−0.47, 0.97)

2.97 (1.96, 3.98)

1.15 (1.03, 1.27)

< 0.0001

−0.20 (− 0.69, 0.29)

1.30 (0.68, 1.92)

0.85 (0.77, 0.93)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.82 (0.10, 1.54)

5.81 (4.84, 6.78)

1.84 (1.65, 2.03)

< 0.0001

0.37 (−0.13, 0.86)

2.00 (1.40, 2.61)

1.32 (1.20, 1.45)

< 0.0001

PD ≥ 8733 person/km2

 PM10

0.44 (0.09, 0.79)

3.62 (3.19, 4.06)

0.81 (0.72, 0.89)

< 0.0001

0.32 (0.08, 0.55)

1.21 (0.93, 1.49)

0.51 (0.45, 0.56)

< 0.0001

 SO2

0.37 (−0.06, 0.81)

3.53 (2.98, 4.08)

1.89 (1.69, 2.08)

< 0.0001

0.27 (−0.03, 0.56)

1.22 (0.87, 1.57)

1.17 (1.04, 1.30)

< 0.0001

 NO2

0.14 (−0.26, 0.55)

1.85 (1.31, 2.39)

1.22 (1.09, 1.35)

< 0.0001

0.26 (−0.01, 0.54)

0.76 (0.42, 1.09)

0.78 (0.70, 0.87)

< 0.0001

 O3

0.55 (0.03, 1.07)

4.78 (4.13, 5.44)

2.53 (2.28, 2.78)

< 0.0001

0.43 (0.08, 0.78)

1.64 (1.23, 2.06)

1.53 (1.36, 1.70)

< 0.0001

  1. aAdjusted by age, sex, race, education, income, smoking, drinking, exercise, diet, sugar intake, family history of hypertension, GDP, and PD; age, sex, GDP, and PD were excluded in stratified analyses by age, sex, GDP, and PD, respectively
  2. bEstimate was scaled to the interquartile range (IQR) for each pollutant (19 μg/m3 for PM10, 20 μg/m3 for SO2, 9 μg/m3 for NO2, and 22 μg/m3 for O3)
  3. Pollutant*overweight indicates the interaction of air pollution with overweight
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Environmental Health

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