Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of participants (n = 186 mothers, n = 201 children) included in the present study

From: Prenatal exposure to phthalates and autism spectrum disorder in the MARBLES study

Characteristics

Row total

TD

ASD

Non-TD

TD

ASD

Non-TD

ASD versus TD a

Non-TD versus TD a

n

n

%

Child’s sex

       

0.04

0.25

 Girl

79

46

13

20

46

28

36

  

 Boy

122

54

33

35

54

72

64

  

Birth year

       

0.04

0.21

 2007

11

7

1

3

7

2

5

  

 2008

35

26

3

8

26

7

15

  

 2009

46

23

11

13

23

24

24

  

 2010

31

15

8

8

15

17

15

  

 2011

19

9

6

4

9

13

7

  

 2012

17

7

8

2

7

17

4

  

 2013

34

10

9

15

10

20

27

  

 2014

5

3

0

2

3

0

4

  

Child’s race/ethnicity

       

0.19

0.07

 White (non-Hispanic)

195

95

45

55

53

37

35

  

 Hispanic

6

5

1

0

26

37

31

  

 Other b

195

95

45

55

21

26

35

  

Birth Status

       

0.42

0.09

 Singleton

195

95

45

55

95

98

100

  

 Has a twin

6

5

1

0

5

2

0

  

Gestational age at delivery

       

0.10

0.14

  ≤ 37 weeks

18

13

2

3

13

4

6

  

  > 37 weeks

180

85

44

51

87

96

94

  

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI

       

0.21

0.41

 Normal/ underweight

103

57

20

26

58

43

48

  

 Overweight

48

22

13

13

22

28

24

  

 Obese

46

19

12

15

19

26

28

  

 Missing

1

0

1

0

0

2

0

  

Maximum parental education

       

0.56

0.43

 Less than college degree

62

29

15

18

28

36

38

  

 Bachelor’s degree

87

49

20

18

48

48

38

  

 Graduate or professional degree

43

24

7

12

24

17

25

  

Mother’s age at delivery

       

0.13

0.68

  < 35 years

105

56

20

29

57

43

54

  

  ≥ 35 years

93

42

26

25

43

57

46

  

Father’s age at delivery

       

0.18

0.51

  < 35 years

75

38

12

21

39

27

40

  

  ≥ 35 years

118

58

31

30

60

69

57

  

 Missing

5

1

2

2

1

4

4

  

Prenatal vitamin use in the first month of pregnancy

       

0.00

0.37

 Yes

105

61

15

29

62

33

54

  

 No

85

36

26

23

37

57

43

  

 Missing

8

1

5

2

1

11

4

  

Homeowner

       

0.07

0.37

 Yes

117

64

23

30

65

50

56

  

 No

75

33

20

22

34

43

41

  

 Missing

6

1

3

2

1

7

4

  

Parity

       

0.08

0.32

 0 c

2

2

0

0

2

0

0

  

 1

80

44

14

22

45

30

41

  

  > 1

110

51

29

30

52

63

56

  

 Missing

6

1

3

2

1

7

4

  

Mom ever smoked

       

0.13

0.46

 Yes

70

31

20

19

32

43

35

  

 No

123

66

24

33

67

52

61

  

 Missing

5

1

2

2

1

4

4

  

Season of conception (months)

       

0.29

0.30

 Cold (November – April)

100

54

21

25

55

46

46

  

 Warm (May – October)

98

44

25

29

45

54

54

  

Number of urine samples collected

       

0.60

0.09

 1–2

35

17

9

8

17

20

15

  

 3–4

54

23

16

16

23

35

30

  

 5–6

37

24

8

7

24

17

13

  

 7–8

57

30

11

15

31

24

28

  

 9–12

15

4

2

8

4

4

15

  
  1. aP-value from the Pearson’s chi-squared test
  2. bIncludes Black, Asian, and multiracial
  3. cOne of them has an identical twin sister with an autistic child, and the other mother has multiple siblings with autism. These two mothers were included in the current study because they have high-risk ASD genetic factors and exclusion of them did not change the results
  4. Note: Eleven mothers participated in the study for two different pregnancies and one mother participated for three different pregnancies over 4 years. Three pregnancies resulted in twins
Back to article page

Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X