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Table 3 Risk factors for self-reported ocular, nasal, pulmonary and general symptoms from children questionnaires: estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) from multivariable logistic ridge regression models

From: Associations of greenness, greyness and air pollution exposure with children’s health: a cross-sectional study in Southern Italy

 

Ocular symptoms

Nasal symptoms

Pulmonary symptoms

General symptoms

 

Adjusted* OR [95% CI]

Adjusted* OR [95% CI]

Adjusted* OR [95% CI]

Adjusted* OR [95% CI]

NDVI > 0.15 (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

NDVI ≤0.15 (1st quartile)

1.17 [0.88–1.54]

1.47 [1.07–2.03]

0.98 [0.79–1.21]

0.99 [0.80–1.23]

DUF (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

CUF

1.49 [1.10–2.03]

1.11 [0.73–1.70]

0.97 [0.75–1.25]

1.18 [1.00–1.48]

No RSG (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

RSG (300-m buffer)

0.98 [0.76–1.26]

1.16 [0.86–1.55]

0.98 [0.79–1.21]

1.03 [0.84–1.28]

HTRs > 200 m (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

HTRs≤200 m

1.68 [1.31–2.17]

1.49 [1.12–1.98]

0.91 [0.75–1.10]

1.12 [0.92–1.36]

NO2 < 60 μg/m3 (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

NO2 ≥ 60 μg/m3 (4th quartile)

1.13 [0.85–1.51]

1.12 [0.81–1.55]

1.04 [0.84–1.29]

1.28 [1.10–1.48]

  1. Definition of abbreviations: NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, DUF Discontinuous Urban Fabric, CUF Continuous Urban Fabric, RSG Residential Surrounding Greyness, HTRs High traffic roads, NO2 Nitrogen dioxide, FSES Family’s Socio-Economic Status. Significant effects are in bold. Values represent odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals shown in parentheses. *Accounting for gender, age, FSES, atopy, doctor diagnosed asthma, parental history of allergy and preterm born. Reference group: Female, NDVI > 0.15; Discontinuous Urban Fabric, No RSG, HTR > 200 m, NO2 < 60 μg, FSES > 49, no sensitization, no asthma, no parental history of allergy and term born