Table 1 Description of the studies included in the review
From: The evidence of human exposure to glyphosate: a review
Citation number, Author, year | Country | Year of sampling | Subjects | Number of subjects | Lab methods | Type of sample | LOD glyphosate | LOD AMPA | Glyphosate Results | AMPA Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE | ||||||||||
[11] Acquavella, 2004a | US (South Carolina, Minnesota) | NR | Farms families on application day and 3 days later | 48 farmers, 48 spouses, 79 children (4–18 years old) | HPLC | Urine | 1 μg/L | NR | Farmers geometric mean ± SD: 3.2 ± 6.4 μg/L (range < 1–233) on application day; 1.0 ± 3.6 (< 1–68) μg/L on day 3. Less than 25% of spouses or children had detectable values | NR |
[12] Curwin, 2007 | US (Iowa) | 2001 | Farm households | 24 fathers, 24 mothers, 66 children | FCMIA | Urine | 0.9 μg/L | NR | Adjusted geometric mean, farm fathers: 1.6 μg/L (1.1, 2.4); farm mothers: 1.1 μg/L (0.71, 1.8); farm children: 1.9 μg/L (1.3, 2.5) | NR |
[13] Jauhiainen, 1991 | Finland | 1988 | Forest workers sprayed a 8% Roundup containing solution for 6 h/day for 1 week | 5 | GC with a 63Ni-electron capture detector | Urine | 100 μg/L | 50 μg/L | Urine samples remained < LOD for G One urine sample further quantified had 85 μg/L glyphosate | Urine samples remained <LOD for AMPA |
[15] Mesnage, 2012 | France | NR | Farmer and his family, using glyphosate based herbicide | 5 | LC-MS | Urine | 1 μg/L | NR | Concentration of 9.5 μg/L after spraying in the farmer, 2 μg/L 2 days later; 2 μg/L was also measured in one child 2 days after spraying. The mother and 2 other children had no detectable levels | NR |
[14] Connolly, 2017 | Ireland | 2015 | Amenity horticulturalists, before and after spraying | 17 males, 1 female | LC MS-MS | Urine | 0.5 μg/L | NR | Pre-spraying mean ± SD: 0.71 ± 0.92; post-spraying: 1.35 ± 2.18 μg/L | NR |
[16] Connolly, 2018b | Ireland | 2016–2017 | Amenity horticulturists, before and after spraying and peak samples | 18 males, 2 females | LC MS-MS | Urine | LOQ: 0.5 μg/L | NR | Pre-spraying mean (SD): 1.08 (1.20) μg/L;Post spraying: 1.72 (1.53) μg/L; Peak sample: 2.53 (1.89) μg/L | NR |
[17] Rendón-von Osten, 2017 | Mexico | NR | Farmers | 76 | ELISA | Urine | 0.05 μg/L (in water) | NR | Mean ± SD in farming areas: 0.26 ± 0.23 μg/L (median: 0.28) | NR |
[18] Jayasumana, 2015 | Sri Lanka | NR | Healthy farmers from areas with chronic endemic kidney disease | 10 | ELISA | Urine | 0.6 μg/L | NR | Median: 73.5 (range: 40.2- > 80) μg/L | NR |
TOTAL (n = 7) | 403 | |||||||||
GENERAL POPULATION | ||||||||||
[12] Curwin, 2007 | US (Iowa) | 2001 | Non-farm households | 23 fathers, 24 mothers, 51 children | FCMIA | Urine | 0.9 μg/L | NR | Adjusted geometric mean, non farm fathers: 1.5 μg/L (1.2, 2.0); non farm mothers: 1.2 μg/L (0.91, 1.6); non-farm children: 2.5 μg/L (2.1, 3.1), range: 0.1–9.4; 65% of non farm mothers and 88% of non-farming children ≥LOD | NR |
[21] McGuire, 2016a | US, (Washington and Idaho) | 2014–2015 | Lactating women> 18 years old | 41 women (41 milk; 40 urine) | LC-MS | Milk, urine | Milk: 1.0 μg/L; Urine:0.02 μg/L | Milk: 1.0 μg/L; Urine:0.03 μg/L | Milk: G < LOD. Urine: G mean: 0.28 ± 0.38 μg/L, G detectable in 37/40 urine No statistically significant differences between living in urban or suburban area, or eating organic or conventional | Milk: AMPA<LOD Urine: AMPA mean: 0.30 ± 0.33 μg/L. |
[22] Aris, 2011 | Canada | NR | Pregnant and non pregnant women, similar in age and BMI | 30 pregnant, 39 non pregnant women, 30 umbilical cords | GC-MS | Maternal and umbilical cord serum | 15 μg/L | 10 μg/L | G not detected in pregnant women or umbilical cord. Non pregnant women: mean 73.6 ± 28.2 μg/L. | AMPA not detected in any of the samples |
[23] Parvez, 2018 | US (Indiana) | 2015–2016 | Pregnant women age 18–39 years | 71 | LC-MS-MS | Urine and drinking water | Urine: 0.1 μg/LWater: 0.2 μg/L | NR | Urine: mean (SD) 3.40 (±1.24) μg/L. G not detected in drinking water | NR |
[19] Connolly, 2018a | Ireland | 2017 | Irish adults over the age of 18 without specific dietary habits; occupation did not involve use of pesticides | 50 | LC-MS-MS | Urine | 0.5 μg/L | NR | 47 samples were tested with urinary creatinine between < 3.0 or > 30 nmol/L. 20% of samples had G levels > LOD. Median of samples with G levels above the LOD (Range): 0.87 (0.80–1.35) μg/L. | NR |
[24] Knudsen, 2017 | Denmark | 2011–2012 | Children 6–11 years and their mothers in rural and urban communities | 13 mothers, 14 children | ELISA | Urine | 2.5 ppbb | NR | Children mean: 1.96 (range: 0.85–3.31) μg/L; mothers mean: 1.28 (range: 0.49–3.22) μg/L | NR |
[25] Krüger 2015c | Germany | 2009 | NR | 2009 | ELISA | Urine | 0.0751 μg/L | NR | Mean: 1.08 μg/Ld, maximum value: 4.2 μg/L. Highest concentration (1.55 μg/L) in 0–19 years and lowest concentration (0.77 μg/L) in > 70 years old. | NR |
[26] Krüger, 2014 | Germany | NR | Individuals with conventional or organic diet | 99 conventional diet; 41 organic diet | GC-MS | Urine | NR | NR | Urinary level: 1.8 μg/L d; subjects on conventional diet significantly higher than subjects using organic food, whose urinary values were around 0.5 μg/Ld | NR |
[27] Conrad, 2017 | Germany | 2001–2015 | Individuals aged 20 to 29 years | 399 | GC-MS-MS | Urine | LOQ: 0.1 μg/L | LOQ: 0.1 μg/L | G: 127 samples (31.8%) > LOD; Males had the highest levels | AMPA: 160 (40.1%) > LOD. |
[28] Hoppe, 2013 | 18 European countries | 2013 | Volunteers | 182 | GC-MS-MS | Urine | LOQ: 0.15 μg/L | LOQ: 0.15 μg/L | 44% of samples > G LOQ; Highest G concentration: 1.8 μg/L (Latvia | 36% > LOQ AMPA;) highest AMPA concentration: 2.6 μg/L (Croatia) |
[17] Rendón-von Osten, 2017 | Mexico | NR | Fishermen in urban area | 8 | ELISA | Urine | 0.05 μg/L (in water) | NR | Mean ± SD in urban areas: 0.16 ± 0.1 μg/L (median: 0.20) | NR |
[29] Varona, 2009 | Colombia | 2006 | Individuals living in areas treated with aerially administered glyphosate | 112 | GC with electron micro-capture detector | Urine | 0.5 μg/L | 1.0 μg/L | G:7.6 ± 18.6 μg/L (Mean ± SD; range: 0–130 μg/L); 4/42 subjects with quantifiable G levels had quantifiable AMPA levels: mean G: 58.8 μg/L (range: 28–130 μg/L) | AMPA: 1.6 ± 8.4 μg/L (range: 0–56 μg/L) |
[18] Jayasumana, 2015 | Sri Lanka | NR | Healthy non-farmers from areas without chronic endemic kidney disease | 10 | ELISA | Urine | 0.6 μg/L | NR | Median: 3.3 (1.2–5.5) μg/L | NR |
[20] Kongtip, 2017 | Thailand | 2011 | Pregnant women age 19–35 years who delivered a baby in participating hospital | 82 | HPLC | Maternal and umbilical cord serum | 0.4 μg/L | NR | Maternal serum median: 17.5 (range 0.2–189.1) μg/L; Umbilical cord serum: 0.2 (range 0.2–94.9) μg/L 46.3% maternal serum samples < LOD, 50.7% of umbilical cord serum samples < LOD | NR |
TOTAL (n = 14) | 3298 | |||||||||