Environmental Health

Table 3 Partial regression coefficient showing change in birth outcomes per increment of 1 SD¹ of total energy and macronutrient intakes (n = 1057)

From: Mediating role of arsenic in the relationship between diet and pregnancy outcomes: prospective birth cohort in Bangladesh

	Crude²		Adjusted for energy³		Fully Adjusted⁴
	\( \widehat{\upbeta} \)(SE)	P-value	\( \widehat{\upbeta} \)(SE)	P-value	\( \widehat{\upbeta} \)(SE)	P-value
GA (week)
Energy	0.12 (0.06)	0.031	–	–	0.11 (0.06)	0.040
Protein	−0.71 (0.05)	< 0.001	−0.83 (0.05)	< 0.001	− 0.87 (0.06)	< 0.001
Fat	−0.46 (0.01)	< 0.001	− 0.65 (0.05)	< 0.001	−0.58 (0.06)	< 0.001
Carbohydrate	0.57 (0.05)	< 0.001	0.79 (0.05)	< 0.001	0.79 (0.06)	< 0.001
Fiber	−0.36 (0.06)	< 0.001	−0.59 (0.05)	< 0.001	− 0.49 (0.06)	< 0.001
GWG (g/week)
Energy	0.9 (3.6)	0.779	–	–	0.9 (3.6)	0.773
Protein	−26.6 (3.6)	< 0.001	−29.7 (3.6)	< 0.001	− 27.5 (4.5)	< 0.001
Fat	−16.2 (3.6)	< 0.001	−20.7 (3.6)	< 0.001	− 15.8 (4.1)	< 0.001
Carbohydrate	17.1 (3.6)	< 0.001	27.5 (3.6)	< 0.001	23.9 (4.5)	< 0.001
Fiber	−17.1 (3.6)	< 0.001	−23.9 (3.6)	< 0.001	−20.7 (4.1)	< 0.001
BW (gram)
Energy	19.1 (12.2)	0.117	–	–	14.2 (11.8)	0.231
Protein	−46.0 (33.4)	< 0.001	− 58.7 (12.1)	< 0.001	− 32.3 (14.2)	0.023
Fat	−14.8 (12.2)	0.226	−32.3 (12.2)	0.008	− 11.1 (12.9)	0.389
Carbohydrate	43.5 (12.1)	< 0.001	46.9 (12.1)	< 0.001	20.2 (13.8)	0.144
Fiber	−1.45 (12.2)	0.905	−19.5 (12.2)	0.110	7.6 (13.2)	0.565

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; GA, gestational age at birth; GWG, gestational weight gain; BW, birth weight; SE, standard error
¹SD for energy 606.9 kcal/day, for protein 55.6 g/day, for fat 14.2 g/day, for carbohydrates 76.1 g/day, for fiber 8.4 g/day
²Crude model using unadjusted intake level
³Intake level adjusted for energy using the residual method
⁴Intake level adjusted for energy using residual method (except for energy), regression model adjusted for BMI at the time of enrollment, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, betel nut chewing, age, education level, household income level, newborn sex, birth delivery location, birth delivery type, physical activity level during pregnancy, daily hours spent cooking over an open fire

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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