Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy

Table 4 Studies of maternal prenatal urinary biomarkers of phenols¹ and fetal growth outcomes measured in utero

Reference	Country, years	N	Urinary phenol(s)	Timing of urine collection	in utero outcome(s)	Timing of outcome assessment	All²	Girls²	Boys²
Snijder et al. 2013 [171]	the Netherlands 2004-2005	219	BPA	13.2, 20.7, 30.4 weeks+	EFW HC	20.5, 30.2 weeks	- EFW (BPA) - HC (BPA)
Philippat et al. 2014 [146]	France 2003-2006	520	2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP, BP3, BPA, BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB, TCS	26 weeks	EFW AC BPD HC FL	12 weeks			NS
						22 weeks			NS
						32 weeks			- EFW (TCS) + HC (2,5-DCP) - AC (TCS)
						growth rate 22-32 weeks			- EFW (TCS) - AC (TCS)
						growth rate 32 weeks-birth			+ EFW (TCS, PrPB)
Casas et al. 2016 [100]	Spain 2004-2006	470	BPA	12, 32 weeks*	EFW AC BPD HC FL	12 weeks	NS	+ EFW (BPA) + AC (BPA)	NS
						20 weeks	NS	NS	- FL (BPA)
						34 weeks	NS	NS	NS
						growth rate 12-20 weeks	- FL (BPA)	NS	- EFW (BPA) - FL (BPA)
						growth rate 20-34 weeks	NS	NS	NS
Ferguson et al. 2016 [101, 102]	USA 2006-2008	482	BPA	10, 18, 26, 35 weeks*	EFW AC HC FL	26, 35, 38 weeks	NS	NS	NS
Ferguson et al. 2018 [156, 157]	USA 2006-2008	482	2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP, BP3, BPS, BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB, TCC, TCS	10, 18, 26, 35 weeks*	EFW AC HC FL	26, 35, 38 weeks	NS	- EFW (2,5-DCP) - AC (BP3, MePB, EtPB, PrPB) + FL (BPS)	- EFW (BPS)
Lee et al. 2018 [155]	Korea 2006-2010	788	BPA	36 weeks	EFW FL	3^rd trimester	- FL (BPA)	NS	NS

¹Includes environmental phenols and other non-persistent consumer product chemicals. All studies included term, preterm, parous, and nulliparous births, and models of birth outcomes adjusted for or standardized to gestational age.
²Blank cells indicate associations were not examined; NS indicates that associations within that category were examined but not statistically significant at p<0.05.
+Results only statistically significant among women with three urinary BPA measurements during pregnant (n=80)
*Average of two or more urine samples.
Abbreviations. 2,4-DCP, 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP, 2,5-dichlorophenol; AC, abdominal circumference; BP3, benzophenone-3; BPA, bisphenol-A; BPD, biparietal diameter; BPS, bisphenol-S; BuPB, butyl paraben; EFW, estimated fetal weight; EtPB, ethyl paraben; FL, femur length; HC, head circumference; MePB, methyl paraben; PrPB, propyl paraben; TCC, triclocarban; TCS, triclosan

ISSN: 1476-069X