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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of mothers and infant birth outcomes in Vietnamese pregnancy cohort

From: Exposure to arsenic in utero is associated with various types of DNA damage and micronuclei in newborns: a birth cohort study

Variables

All

Maternal arsenic exposure by toenail As

 
 

Low (<  0.5 μg/g)

Medium (0.5–1 μg/g)

High (> 1 μg/g)

p-valuea

(n = 205)

(n = 82)

(n = 57)

(n = 66)

 

Pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD)

21.7 ± 2.2

21.5 ± 2.2

21.5 ± 2.3

22.2 ± 2.1

0.064

Maternal age (years) (mean ± SD)

26.6 ± 4.1

27.1 ± 4.3

25.7 ± 3.4

26.8 ± 4.3

0.184

Residential area (As in drinking water) [n (%)]b

    

0.000

 Ba Sao (0.64 μg/L)

31 (15.1)

18 (22.0)

10 (17.5)

3 (4.5)

 

 Kha Phong (0.60 μg/L)

3 (1.5)

1 (1.2)

0

2 (3.0)

 

 Thi Son (1.64 μg/L)

66 (32.2)

48 (58.5)

10 (17.5)

8 (12.1)

 

 Hoang Tay (65.7 μg/L)

30 (14.6)

6 (7.3)

11 (19.3)

13 (19.7)

 

 Nhant Tan (61.7 μg/L)

67 (32.7)

4 (4.9)

23 (40.4)

40 (60.6)

 

 Van Xa (27.2 μg/L)

8 (3.9)

5 (6.1)

3 (5.3)

0

 

Education level [n (%)]

    

0.019

 Elementary school

15 (7.3)

2 (2.4)

3 (5.3)

10 (15.2)

 

 Secondary school

135 (65.9)

51 (62.2)

44 (77.2)

40 (60.6)

 

 Diploma

40 (19.5)

20 (24.4)

7 (12.3)

13 (19.7)

 

 College graduate

15 (7.3)

9 (11.0)

3 (5.3)

3 (4.5)

 

Maternal occupation [n (%)]

    

0.074

 Housewife

32 (15.6)

10 (12.2)

9 (15.8)

13 (19.7)

 

 Agricultural worker

91 (44.4)

31 (37.8)

26 (45.6)

34 (51.5)

 

 Factory worker

44 (21.5)

18 (22.0)

11 (19.3)

15 (22.7)

 

 Employee

30 (14.6)

18 (22.0)

10 (17.5)

2 (3.0)

 

 Vendor

8 (3.9)

5 (6.1)

1 (1.8)

2 (3.0)

 

Parity [n (%)]

    

0.477

 1 person

75 (36.6)

32 (39.0)

21 (36.8)

22 (33.3)

 

 2 persons

100 (48.8)

41 (50.0)

30 (52.6)

29 (43.9)

 

 3 persons

25 (12.2)

8 (9.8)

5 (8.8)

12 (18.2)

 

  ≥ 4 persons

5 (2.4)

1 (1.2)

1 (1.8)

3 (4.5)

 

Antenatal care services [n (%)]

    

0.464

 Province clinic hospital

20 (9.8)

9 (11.0)

7 (12.3)

4 (6.1)

 

 District clinic hospital

23 (11.2)

11 (13.4)

8 (14.0)

4 (6.1)

 

 Health center of commune

21 (10.2)

9 (11.0)

7 (12.3)

5 (7.6)

 

 Private medical center

125 (61.0)

48 (58.5)

32 (56.1)

45 (68.2)

 

 Not having antenatal care

16 (7.8)

5 (6.1)

3 (5.3)

8 (12.1)

 

Complications during pregnancy [n (%)]

    

0.683

 No

189 (92.2)

74 (90.2)

53 (93.0)

62 (93.9)

 

 Yes

16 (7.8)

8 (9.8)

4 (7.0)

4 (6.0)

 

History of miscarriage [n (%)]

    

0.409

 Never

175 (85.4)

71 (86.6)

52 (91.2)

52 (78.8)

 

 1 time

23 (11.2)

7 (8.5)

5 (8.8)

11 (16.7)

 

 2 times

4 (2.0)

2 (2.4)

0

2 (3.0)

 

  ≥ 3 times

3 (1.5)

2 (2.4)

0

1 (1.5)

 

Urinary Cotinine (μg/mmol creatinine) Median (range)

nd (nd-8.03)

nd

nd (nd-8.03)

nd

 

Infant birth outcomes

 Gender

    

0.220

  Male [n (%)]

109 (53.7)

45 (54.9)

30 (53.6)

34 (52.3)

 

  Female [n (%)]

94 (46.3)

37 (45.1)

26 (46.4)

31 (47.7)

 

 Birth length (cm) (mean  ± SD)

49.8 ± 2.2

50.4 ± 2.0

49.1 ± 2.8

49.8 ± 1.4

0.001

 Birth weight (kg) (mean ± SD)

3.1 ± 0.8

3.2 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.8

0.154

 Head circumference (cm) (mean ± SD)

32.2 ± 2.7

31.9 ± 2.1

32.6 ± 4.0

32.2 ± 1.8

0.336

  1. aStatistically significant difference among groups at p < 0.05 by One-way ANOVA are highlighted in bold
  2. bMean arsenic concentrations in drinking water obtained from Do et al., 2013 [5]