Table 2 Arsenic exposure in mothers and newborns

Maternal toenail As (μg/g)

0.30 ± 0.01^b

0.73 ± 0.02^***

1.92 ± 0.13^{***, ###}

0.29 (0.10–0.49)^c

0.71 (0.50–0.99)

1.55 (1.00–6.07)

 Total arsenic (μg/L)

28.20 ± 2.27

40.05 ± 3.69^*

60.71 ± 6.23^***,##

25.26 (2.16–130.23)

29.26 (8.48–111.05)

50.55 (10.03–328.90)

 Total arsenic (μg/g creatinine)

57.46 ± 4.25

67.95 ± 4.58

93.91 ± 7.42^{***, ##}

46.68 (1.57–162.39)

61.88 (13.39–166.66)

75.59 (16.57–339.59)

 iAs (μg/L)

3.48 ± 0.34

3.38 ± 0.32

4.71 ± 0.64^{**, #}

2.96(nd-17.13)

2.96(nd-9.67)

3.05 (0.68–38.26)

 MMA (μg/L)

4.60 ± 0.43

5.57 ± 0.51^*

7.74 ± 0.81^***

3.98(nd-18.42)

4.30(nd-16.82)

6.03 (0.13–40.13)

 DMA (μg/L)

32.90 ± 2.84

34.69 ± 3.34

47.14 ± 4.90^**

25.26(1.59–140.92)

26.28(9.08–115.14)

36.17 (5.04–247.81)

Umbilical cord blood As (μg/L)

1.70 ± 0.09

2.09 ± 0.13

2.46 ± 0.21^**

1.50 (0.17–4.60)

1.78 (0.85–6.22)

2.05 (0.89–9.72)