Exposure to arsenic in utero is associated with various types of DNA damage and micronuclei in newborns: a birth cohort study

Table 4 Micronucleus frequency in cord blood of newborns exposed to arsenic in utero

Parameters	Maternal arsenic exposure by toenail As			FDR- adjusted p-value^a
Parameters	Low (< 0.5 μg/g)	Medium (0.5–1 μg/g)	High (> 1 μg/g)	FDR- adjusted p-value^a
MN in mononucleated cells (per 1000 cells)	0.16 ± 0.04^b	0.48 ± 0.08^**	0.60 ± 0.09^***	0.000
	0.00 (0.00–1.00)^c	0.00 (0.00–2.00)	1.00 (0.00–2.00)
	(n = 70)	(n = 46)	(n = 52)
MN in binucleated cells (per 1000 cells)	1.96 ± 0.21	2.26 ± 0.34	3.08 ± 0.41^*	0.037
	2.00 (0.00–12.0)	2.00 (0.00–13.0)	2.00 (0.00–15.0)
	(n = 70)	(n = 46)	(n = 52)
Nuclear division index (NDI)	1.94 ± 0.01	1.97 ± 0.02	1.94 ± 0.01	0.117
	1.92 (1.75–2.19)	1.97 (1.79–2.75)	1.95 (1.59–2.07)
	(n = 70)	(n = 46)	(n = 52)

^aThe raw p-values were subjected to multiple testing correction using FDR-adjusted p-value; Statistically significant difference among groups at p < 0.05 by One-way ANOVA are highlighted in bold
Values are expressed as mean ± SE (b) and Median (minimum - maximum) (c)
^{*, **, ***} Statistically significant difference from corresponding low- exposed group at p < 0.05, < 0.01 and < 0.001, respectively by Mann-Whitney U test