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Table 4 The association between PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and ultrasound measures for fetal growth

From: Maternal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and fetal growth in Shanghai, China

Fetal growth parameters

βa (95% CI)

Crude b

Adjusted-1 c

Adjusted-2 d

Adjusted-3(the full model) e

AC

−0.62(−3.35, 2.11)

−5.71(− 9.17, − 2.25)

−5.57(− 9.06, − 2.08)

−5.48(− 9.06, − 1.91)

BPD

−1.63(− 2.48, − 0.78)

−5.82(− 6.88, − 4.75)

−5.77(− 6.84, − 4.69)

−5.57(− 6.66, − 4.47)

FL

−2.21(− 2.91, − 1.50)

− 5.82(− 6.71, − 4.92)

−5.73(− 6.63, − 4.83)

−5.47(− 6.39, − 4.55)

EFW-H f

−18.11(− 19.33, − 16.96)

−14.45(− 16.96, − 15.72)

−14.53(− 15.81, − 13.34)

−14.49(− 16.05, − 13.49)

EFW-S g

−16.63(− 17.68, − 15.63)

−13.40(− 14.50, − 12.38)

−13.44(− 14.56, − 12.41)

−13.56(− 14.71, − 12.50)

  1. aestimates per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure.
  2. bAdjusted for gestational age.
  3. cAdjusted for a and (infants’ gender, pregnancy hypertension, gestational diabetes, mother age, parity, gravidity, staff medical insurance, season of conception).
  4. dAdjusted for a, b and (SO2, NO2, PM10 and O3).
  5. eAdjusted for a, b, c and (relative humidity and temperature).
  6. fEstimated fetal weight calculated by Hadlock’s third formula: Log10(EFW-H) =1.304 + (0.05281*AC) + (0.1938*FL) -(0.004*AC*FL).
  7. gEstimated fetal weight calculated by Shepard formula: Log10(EFW-S) =1.2508 + (0.166*BPD) + (0.046*AC) -(0.002646*AC*BPD).