Author, Year of publication (country) | Primary objective | Case ascertainment | Control ascertainment | Matching | Biomass fuel type | Total cases | Cases using biomass | Total controls | Controls using biomass | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted in regression | Newcastle-Ottawa Scale rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Castellsagué, 2000 [40] (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay) | To estimate the effects of consuming hot beverages and other food items on esophageal cancer risk in South America | Histology | Hospital-based patients with diseases unrelated to alcohol or tobacco. | Gender, age, admission to the same hospital and same period as the case, residence in the area for > 5 years. | Charcoal | 830 | 96 | 1779 | 110 | 1.22 (0.85, 1.76) | Hospital, residency, years of education, cigarettes and ethanol. | 8 |
Pacella-Norman, 2002 [35] (South Africa) | Risk factors for esophageal, lung, oral and laryngeal cancers in black South Africans | Histology | Patients with cancers not associated with tobacco or alcohol consumption were used as controls | – | Wood, coal, anthracite | 405 | 354 | 2174 | 1787 | 1.29 (0.82, 2.03) | Age, tobacco, alcohol | 7 |
Dandara, 2006 [42] (South Africa) | Role of SULT1A1 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms as risk modifiers for ESCC. | Histology | Healthy community controls | Age-and geographical location | Wood and Charcoal | 245 | 91 | 288 | 45 | 4.78 (3.02, 7.56)a | Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. | 8 |
Li, 2010 [32] (South Africa) | Evaluate the effects of polymorphisms in Glutathione S-transferase genotypes on the risk of developing ESCC | Histology | Hospitalized patients | – | Wood or charcoal | 245 | 46 | 288 | 3 | 12.1 (3.26, 49.00) | Alcohol, race, sex, age, and tobacco | 6 |
Sapkota, 2012 [43] (Russia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic) | Indoor air pollution from coal and wood as risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract in the high-risk areas of Central and Eastern Europe. | Histology | Patients admitted to the same hospital as cases for conditions unrelated to smoking or alcohol. | _ | Wood | 186 | 25 | 1110 | 61 | 2.71 (1.21, 6.10) | Country, age, sex, BMI, tobacco, alcohol, and consumption of dairy, redmeat, fruits and vegetables. | 6 |
Dar, 2013 [31] (India) | The association of multiple indicators of SES and ESCC risk in the Kashmir valley. | Histology | Patients with disease not strongly associated with tobacco or alcohol consumption, based on published reports. | Age, sex, and district of residence | Animal dung, wood, biomass | 703 | 685 | 1664 | 1358 | 1.24 (1.05, 2.20) | Age, ethnicity, place of residence, religion, daily fresh fruit and vegetable intake, cigarettes, hookah, and nass, and bidi, gutka, and alcohol. | 7 |
Mota, 2013 [34] (Brazil) | Evaluate the risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area. | Histology | Patients living in study area for atleast 1 year prior to the study and had no history of esophageal cancer. | Gender, age (< 5 years) and place of residence (urban or rural). | Wood | 99 | 33 | 223 | 19 | 4.42 (2.35, 8.32) | – | 5 |
Patel, 2013 [36] (Kenya) | Identify the risk factors. | Histology | Patients or relatives or visitors at the hospital with no relation to cancer. | Area of residence, tribe, age (< 2 yrs), sex, and time of admittance. | Wood and charcoal | 147 | 70 | 159 | 41 | 2.31 (1.41, 3.84) | – | 6 |
Wang, 2013 [38] (South Africa) | Polymorphisms and Environmental Smoke as risk of ESCC | Histology | Healthy individuals without any previous history of cancer and randomly recruited from the same population groups and geographical area as the cases. | _ | Wood and charcoal | 565 | 192 | 1000 | 131 | 3.92 (2.35, 6.53)a | Age, gender, tobacco smoking. | 7 |
Kayamba, 2015 [39] (Zambia) | Explore risk factors of ESCC. | Histology | Normal upper endoscopic evaluations | Age and sex | Wood and Charcoal | 50 | 34 | 50 | 18 | 3.00 (1.20, 7.40) | Smoking, alcohol intake, HIV and HPV infection, exposure to household smoke, educational level, residence, marital status and occupation. | 8 |
Mlombe, 2015 [33] (Malawi) | Explore environmental factors associated with esophageal cancer. | Histology | Healthy community members from hospital catchment areas, hospital staff and visitors aged 18 years or older with no history of cancer. | _ | Wood | 96 | 66 | 180 | 13 | 12.60 (4.20, 37.70) | Age, gender, socioeconomic status, cooking methods, and smoking. | 8 |
Rafiq, 2016 [20] (India) | Association between secondhand house smoke and risk of ESCC. | Histology | Patients without disease with strong association with tobacco or alcohol consumption. | Age, sex, and district of residence. | Biomass | 703 | 685 | 1664 | 1358 | 4.42 (2.35, 8.32) | _ | 7 |
Shah, 2017 [44] (India) | Association of cytochrome P-450 and sulfotransferase genotypes with ESCC risk and their modifying effects on different risk factors of ESCC. | Histology | Patients with disease not strongly associated with tobacco or alcohol consumption, based on published reports. | Sex, age and district of residence. | Biomass | 404 | 213 | 404 | 84 | 5.11 (1.34, 19.50) | Age, ethnicity, religion, gender, daily fruit and vegetable consumption, place of residence, education level, income, wealth score, nass chewing, and tobacco smoking. | 8 |
Bhat, 2017 [30] (India) | Association of genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome 2C19 and 2D6 genotypes with ESCC. | Histology | _ | Age (< 5 years), sex, and place of residence. | Biomass | 492 | 120 | 492 | 349 | 4.60 (1.50, 14.10) | Age, ethnicity, gender, place of residence, religion, education level, wealth score, animal contact, oral hygiene, log of fruits and vegetables, tobacco smoking, nass consumption, alcohol drinking, and family history of any cancer and salted tea. | 8 |
Mmbaga, 2017 [41] (Tanzania) | Characterize EC cases | Histology | Hospitalized with non-smoke/alcohol-related disease | Age and sex | Wood | 375 | Â | 375 | Â | 2.66 (1.88, 3.76) | _ | 5 |
Dwomoh, 2019 [45] (Uganda) | Cooking fuel type as a risk factor of ESCC | Histology | Normal upper endoscopic evaluations | _ | Wood | 75 | Â | 386 | Â | 1.07 (0.07, 16.58) | Age, sex, smoking, and alcohol | 5 |