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Table 1 Characteristics of studies

From: Biomass fuel as a risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author, Year of publication (country)

Primary objective

Case ascertainment

Control ascertainment

Matching

Biomass fuel type

Total cases

Cases using biomass

Total controls

Controls using biomass

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted in regression

Newcastle-Ottawa Scale rating

Castellsagué, 2000 [40] (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay)

To estimate the effects of consuming hot beverages and other food items on esophageal cancer risk in South America

Histology

Hospital-based patients with diseases unrelated to alcohol or tobacco.

Gender, age, admission to the same hospital and same period as the case, residence in the area for > 5 years.

Charcoal

830

96

1779

110

1.22 (0.85, 1.76)

Hospital, residency, years of education, cigarettes and ethanol.

8

Pacella-Norman, 2002 [35] (South Africa)

Risk factors for esophageal, lung, oral and laryngeal cancers in black South Africans

Histology

Patients with cancers not associated with tobacco or alcohol consumption were used as controls

–

Wood, coal, anthracite

405

354

2174

1787

1.29 (0.82, 2.03)

Age, tobacco, alcohol

7

Dandara, 2006 [42] (South Africa)

Role of SULT1A1 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms as risk modifiers for ESCC.

Histology

Healthy community controls

Age-and geographical location

Wood and Charcoal

245

91

288

45

4.78 (3.02, 7.56)a

Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking.

8

Li, 2010 [32] (South Africa)

Evaluate the effects of polymorphisms in Glutathione S-transferase genotypes on the risk of developing ESCC

Histology

Hospitalized patients

–

Wood or charcoal

245

46

288

3

12.1 (3.26, 49.00)

Alcohol, race, sex, age, and tobacco

6

Sapkota, 2012 [43] (Russia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic)

Indoor air pollution from coal and wood as risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract in the high-risk areas of Central and Eastern Europe.

Histology

Patients admitted to the same hospital as cases for conditions unrelated to smoking or alcohol.

_

Wood

186

25

1110

61

2.71 (1.21, 6.10)

Country, age, sex, BMI, tobacco, alcohol, and consumption of dairy, redmeat, fruits and vegetables.

6

Dar, 2013 [31] (India)

The association of multiple indicators of SES and ESCC risk in the Kashmir valley.

Histology

Patients with disease not strongly associated with tobacco or alcohol consumption, based on published reports.

Age, sex, and district of residence

Animal dung, wood, biomass

703

685

1664

1358

1.24 (1.05, 2.20)

Age, ethnicity, place of residence, religion, daily fresh fruit and vegetable intake, cigarettes, hookah, and nass, and bidi, gutka, and alcohol.

7

Mota, 2013 [34] (Brazil)

Evaluate the risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area.

Histology

Patients living in study area for atleast 1 year prior to the study and had no history of esophageal cancer.

Gender, age (< 5 years) and place of residence (urban or rural).

Wood

99

33

223

19

4.42 (2.35, 8.32)

–

5

Patel, 2013 [36] (Kenya)

Identify the risk factors.

Histology

Patients or relatives or visitors at the hospital with no relation to cancer.

Area of residence, tribe, age (< 2 yrs), sex, and time of admittance.

Wood and charcoal

147

70

159

41

2.31 (1.41, 3.84)

–

6

Wang, 2013 [38] (South Africa)

Polymorphisms and Environmental Smoke as risk of ESCC

Histology

Healthy individuals without any previous history of cancer and randomly recruited from the same population groups and geographical area as the cases.

_

Wood and charcoal

565

192

1000

131

3.92 (2.35, 6.53)a

Age, gender, tobacco smoking.

7

Kayamba, 2015 [39] (Zambia)

Explore risk factors of ESCC.

Histology

Normal upper endoscopic evaluations

Age and sex

Wood and Charcoal

50

34

50

18

3.00 (1.20, 7.40)

Smoking, alcohol intake, HIV and HPV infection, exposure to household smoke, educational level, residence, marital status and occupation.

8

Mlombe, 2015 [33] (Malawi)

Explore environmental factors associated with esophageal cancer.

Histology

Healthy community members from hospital catchment areas, hospital staff and visitors aged 18 years or older with no history of cancer.

_

Wood

96

66

180

13

12.60 (4.20, 37.70)

Age, gender, socioeconomic status, cooking methods, and smoking.

8

Rafiq, 2016 [20] (India)

Association between secondhand house smoke and risk of ESCC.

Histology

Patients without disease with strong association with tobacco or alcohol consumption.

Age, sex, and district of residence.

Biomass

703

685

1664

1358

4.42 (2.35, 8.32)

_

7

Shah, 2017 [44] (India)

Association of cytochrome P-450 and sulfotransferase genotypes with ESCC risk and their modifying effects on different risk factors of ESCC.

Histology

Patients with disease not strongly associated with tobacco or alcohol consumption, based on published reports.

Sex, age and district of residence.

Biomass

404

213

404

84

5.11 (1.34, 19.50)

Age, ethnicity, religion, gender, daily fruit and vegetable consumption, place of residence, education level, income, wealth score, nass chewing, and tobacco smoking.

8

Bhat, 2017 [30] (India)

Association of genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome 2C19 and 2D6 genotypes with ESCC.

Histology

_

Age (< 5 years), sex, and place of residence.

Biomass

492

120

492

349

4.60 (1.50, 14.10)

Age, ethnicity, gender, place of residence, religion, education level, wealth score, animal contact, oral hygiene, log of fruits and vegetables, tobacco smoking, nass consumption, alcohol drinking, and family history of any cancer and salted tea.

8

Mmbaga, 2017 [41] (Tanzania)

Characterize EC cases

Histology

Hospitalized with non-smoke/alcohol-related disease

Age and sex

Wood

375

 

375

 

2.66 (1.88, 3.76)

_

5

Dwomoh, 2019 [45] (Uganda)

Cooking fuel type as a risk factor of ESCC

Histology

Normal upper endoscopic evaluations

_

Wood

75

 

386

 

1.07 (0.07, 16.58)

Age, sex, smoking, and alcohol

5

  1. aThis is a result of a mini meta analysis of results of the article of association of solid fuel use with ESCC which were segregated by race i.e., blacks (AOR 7.855, 95%CI 4.061, 15.194) and mixed ancestry (AOR 1.39, 95%CI 0.621, 3.114)