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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of mothers and infant birth outcomes in Vietnamese pregnancy cohort

From: Correction to: Exposure to arsenic in utero is associated with various types of DNA damage and micronuclei in newborns: a birth cohort study

Variables

All

Maternal arsenic exposure by toenail As

Ā 
Ā Ā 

Low (<ā€‰ 0.5ā€‰Ī¼g/g)

Medium (0.5ā€“1ā€‰Ī¼g/g)

High (>ā€‰1ā€‰Ī¼g/g)

p-valuea

Ā 

(nā€‰=ā€‰205)

(nā€‰=ā€‰82)

(nā€‰=ā€‰57)

(nā€‰=ā€‰66)

Ā 

Pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD)

21.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.2

21.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.2

21.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.3

22.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.1

0.064

Maternal age (years) (meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD)

26.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.1

27.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.3

25.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.4

26.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.3

0.184

Residential area (As in drinking water) [n (%)]b

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.000

ā€ƒBa Sao (0.64ā€‰Ī¼g/L)

31 (15.1)

18 (22.0)

10 (17.5)

3 (4.5)

Ā 

ā€ƒKha Phong (0.60ā€‰Ī¼g/L)

3 (1.5)

1 (1.2)

0

2 (3.0)

Ā 

ā€ƒThi Son (1.64ā€‰Ī¼g/L)

66 (32.2)

48 (58.5)

10 (17.5)

8 (12.1)

Ā 

ā€ƒHoang Tay (65.7ā€‰Ī¼g/L)

30 (14.6)

6 (7.3)

11 (19.3)

13 (19.7)

Ā 

ā€ƒNhant Tan (61.7ā€‰Ī¼g/L)

67 (32.7)

4 (4.9)

23 (40.4)

40 (60.6)

Ā 

ā€ƒVan Xa (27.2ā€‰Ī¼g/L)

8 (3.9)

5 (6.1)

3 (5.3)

0

Ā 

Education level [n (%)]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.019

ā€ƒElementary school

15 (7.3)

2 (2.4)

3 (5.3)

10 (15.2)

Ā 

ā€ƒSecondary school

135 (65.9)

51 (62.2)

44 (77.2)

40 (60.6)

Ā 

ā€ƒDiploma

40 (19.5)

20 (24.4)

7 (12.3)

13 (19.7)

Ā 

ā€ƒCollege graduate

15 (7.3)

9 (11.0)

3 (5.3)

3 (4.5)

Ā 

Maternal occupation [n (%)]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.074

ā€ƒHousewife

32 (15.6)

10 (12.2)

9 (15.8)

13 (19.7)

Ā 

ā€ƒAgricultural worker

91 (44.4)

31 (37.8)

26 (45.6)

34 (51.5)

Ā 

ā€ƒFactory worker

44 (21.5)

18 (22.0)

11 (19.3)

15 (22.7)

Ā 

ā€ƒEmployee

30 (14.6)

18 (22.0)

10 (17.5)

2 (3.0)

Ā 

ā€ƒVendor

8 (3.9)

5 (6.1)

1 (1.8)

2 (3.0)

Ā 

Parity [n (%)]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.477

ā€ƒ1 person

75 (36.6)

32 (39.0)

21 (36.8)

22 (33.3)

Ā 

ā€ƒ2 persons

100 (48.8)

41 (50.0)

30 (52.6)

29 (43.9)

Ā 

ā€ƒ3 persons

25 (12.2)

8 (9.8)

5 (8.8)

12 (18.2)

Ā 

ā€ƒā€‰ā‰„ā€‰4 persons

5 (2.4)

1 (1.2)

1 (1.8)

3 (4.5)

Ā 

Antenatal care services [n (%)]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.464

ā€ƒProvince clinic hospital

20 (9.8)

9 (11.0)

7 (12.3)

4 (6.1)

Ā 

ā€ƒDistrict clinic hospital

23 (11.2)

11 (13.4)

8 (14.0)

4 (6.1)

Ā 

ā€ƒHealth center of commune

21 (10.2)

9 (11.0)

7 (12.3)

5 (7.6)

Ā 

ā€ƒPrivate medical center

125 (61.0)

48 (58.5)

32 (56.1)

45 (68.2)

Ā 

ā€ƒNot having antenatal care

16 (7.8)

5 (6.1)

3 (5.3)

8 (12.1)

Ā 

Complications during pregnancy [n (%)]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.683

ā€ƒNo

189 (92.2)

74 (90.2)

53 (93.0)

62 (93.9)

Ā 

ā€ƒYes

16 (7.8)

8 (9.8)

4 (7.0)

4 (6.0)

Ā 

History of miscarriage [n (%)]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.409

ā€ƒNever

175 (85.4)

71 (86.6)

52 (91.2)

52 (78.8)

Ā 

ā€ƒ1 time

23 (11.2)

7 (8.5)

5 (8.8)

11 (16.7)

Ā 

ā€ƒ2 times

4 (2.0)

2 (2.4)

0

2 (3.0)

Ā 

ā€ƒā€‰ā‰„ā€‰3 times

3 (1.5)

2 (2.4)

0

1 (1.5)

Ā 

Urinary Cotinine (Ī¼g/mmol creatinine)

ā€ƒMedian (range)

nd (nd-8.03)

nd

nd (nd-8.03)

nd

Ā 

Infant birth outcomes

ā€ƒGender

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

0.220

ā€ƒMale [n (%)]

109 (53.7)

45 (54.9)

30 (53.6)

34 (52.3)

Ā 

ā€ƒFemale [n (%)]

94 (46.3)

37 (45.1)

26 (46.4)

31 (47.7)

Ā 

ā€ƒBirth length (cm) (mean Ā Ā±ā€‰SD)

49.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.2

50.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.0

49.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.8

49.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.4

0.001

ā€ƒBirth weight (kg) (meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD)

3.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

3.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

3.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

3.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

0.154

ā€ƒHead circumference (cm) (meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD)

32.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.7

31.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.1

32.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.0

32.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.8

0.336

  1. aStatistically significant difference among groups at pā€‰<ā€‰Ā 0.05 by One-way ANOVA are highlighted in bold
  2. bMean arsenic concentrations in drinking water obtained from Do et al., 2013 [5]