Variables | All | Maternal arsenic exposure by toenail As | Ā | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ā | Ā | Low (<ā 0.5āĪ¼g/g) | Medium (0.5ā1āĪ¼g/g) | High (>ā1āĪ¼g/g) | p-valuea |
Ā | (nā=ā205) | (nā=ā82) | (nā=ā57) | (nā=ā66) | Ā |
Pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (meanāĀ±āSD) | 21.7āĀ±ā2.2 | 21.5āĀ±ā2.2 | 21.5āĀ±ā2.3 | 22.2āĀ±ā2.1 | 0.064 |
Maternal age (years) (meanāĀ±āSD) | 26.6āĀ±ā4.1 | 27.1āĀ±ā4.3 | 25.7āĀ±ā3.4 | 26.8āĀ±ā4.3 | 0.184 |
Residential area (As in drinking water) [n (%)]b | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.000 |
āBa Sao (0.64āĪ¼g/L) | 31 (15.1) | 18 (22.0) | 10 (17.5) | 3 (4.5) | Ā |
āKha Phong (0.60āĪ¼g/L) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 2 (3.0) | Ā |
āThi Son (1.64āĪ¼g/L) | 66 (32.2) | 48 (58.5) | 10 (17.5) | 8 (12.1) | Ā |
āHoang Tay (65.7āĪ¼g/L) | 30 (14.6) | 6 (7.3) | 11 (19.3) | 13 (19.7) | Ā |
āNhant Tan (61.7āĪ¼g/L) | 67 (32.7) | 4 (4.9) | 23 (40.4) | 40 (60.6) | Ā |
āVan Xa (27.2āĪ¼g/L) | 8 (3.9) | 5 (6.1) | 3 (5.3) | 0 | Ā |
Education level [n (%)] | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.019 |
āElementary school | 15 (7.3) | 2 (2.4) | 3 (5.3) | 10 (15.2) | Ā |
āSecondary school | 135 (65.9) | 51 (62.2) | 44 (77.2) | 40 (60.6) | Ā |
āDiploma | 40 (19.5) | 20 (24.4) | 7 (12.3) | 13 (19.7) | Ā |
āCollege graduate | 15 (7.3) | 9 (11.0) | 3 (5.3) | 3 (4.5) | Ā |
Maternal occupation [n (%)] | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.074 |
āHousewife | 32 (15.6) | 10 (12.2) | 9 (15.8) | 13 (19.7) | Ā |
āAgricultural worker | 91 (44.4) | 31 (37.8) | 26 (45.6) | 34 (51.5) | Ā |
āFactory worker | 44 (21.5) | 18 (22.0) | 11 (19.3) | 15 (22.7) | Ā |
āEmployee | 30 (14.6) | 18 (22.0) | 10 (17.5) | 2 (3.0) | Ā |
āVendor | 8 (3.9) | 5 (6.1) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (3.0) | Ā |
Parity [n (%)] | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.477 |
ā1 person | 75 (36.6) | 32 (39.0) | 21 (36.8) | 22 (33.3) | Ā |
ā2 persons | 100 (48.8) | 41 (50.0) | 30 (52.6) | 29 (43.9) | Ā |
ā3 persons | 25 (12.2) | 8 (9.8) | 5 (8.8) | 12 (18.2) | Ā |
āāā„ā4 persons | 5 (2.4) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (4.5) | Ā |
Antenatal care services [n (%)] | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.464 |
āProvince clinic hospital | 20 (9.8) | 9 (11.0) | 7 (12.3) | 4 (6.1) | Ā |
āDistrict clinic hospital | 23 (11.2) | 11 (13.4) | 8 (14.0) | 4 (6.1) | Ā |
āHealth center of commune | 21 (10.2) | 9 (11.0) | 7 (12.3) | 5 (7.6) | Ā |
āPrivate medical center | 125 (61.0) | 48 (58.5) | 32 (56.1) | 45 (68.2) | Ā |
āNot having antenatal care | 16 (7.8) | 5 (6.1) | 3 (5.3) | 8 (12.1) | Ā |
Complications during pregnancy [n (%)] | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.683 |
āNo | 189 (92.2) | 74 (90.2) | 53 (93.0) | 62 (93.9) | Ā |
āYes | 16 (7.8) | 8 (9.8) | 4 (7.0) | 4 (6.0) | Ā |
History of miscarriage [n (%)] | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.409 |
āNever | 175 (85.4) | 71 (86.6) | 52 (91.2) | 52 (78.8) | Ā |
ā1 time | 23 (11.2) | 7 (8.5) | 5 (8.8) | 11 (16.7) | Ā |
ā2 times | 4 (2.0) | 2 (2.4) | 0 | 2 (3.0) | Ā |
āāā„ā3 times | 3 (1.5) | 2 (2.4) | 0 | 1 (1.5) | Ā |
Urinary Cotinine (Ī¼g/mmol creatinine) | |||||
āMedian (range) | nd (nd-8.03) | nd | nd (nd-8.03) | nd | Ā |
Infant birth outcomes | |||||
āGender | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.220 |
āMale [n (%)] | 109 (53.7) | 45 (54.9) | 30 (53.6) | 34 (52.3) | Ā |
āFemale [n (%)] | 94 (46.3) | 37 (45.1) | 26 (46.4) | 31 (47.7) | Ā |
āBirth length (cm) (mean Ā Ā±āSD) | 49.8āĀ±ā2.2 | 50.4āĀ±ā2.0 | 49.1āĀ±ā2.8 | 49.8āĀ±ā1.4 | 0.001 |
āBirth weight (kg) (meanāĀ±āSD) | 3.1āĀ±ā0.8 | 3.2āĀ±ā0.8 | 3.0āĀ±ā0.8 | 3.0āĀ±ā0.8 | 0.154 |
āHead circumference (cm) (meanāĀ±āSD) | 32.2āĀ±ā2.7 | 31.9āĀ±ā2.1 | 32.6āĀ±ā4.0 | 32.2āĀ±ā1.8 | 0.336 |