Table 1 Cohort characteristics at baseline
|  | Total Cohort (n = 260) | HIV + (n = 131) | HIV – (n = 129) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 51 [48, 56] | 52 [49, 56] | 51 [48, 55] |
Female sex | 123 (47) | 61 (47) | 62 (48) |
Smoking History | |||
 Never Smoker | 133 (51) | 73 (56) | 60 (47) |
 Former Smoker | 86 (33) | 47 (36) | 39 (30) |
 Current Smoker | 41 (16) | 11 (8) | 20 (23) |
 Years of Smokinga | 20 [10, 32] | 16 [10, 25] | 26 [11, 35] |
Farmer | 177 (68) | 70 (53) | 107 (83) |
Rural dwelling | 221 (85) | 92 (70) | 129 (100) |
Education | |||
 Did not complete primary school | 143 (55) | 63 (48) | 80 (62) |
 Completed primary school | 91 (35) | 53 (40) | 38 (29) |
 Completed secondary school | 26 (10) | 15 (11) | 11 (9) |
HIV Characteristics | |||
 HIV viral load, copies/μL | |||
  Undetectable |  | 122 (94) |  |
  Detectable, up to 10,000 |  | 6 (5) |  |
  > 10,000 |  | 2 (2) |  |
 CD4 T-cell count, cells/mm3 | |||
  ≥ 500 |  | 54 (41) |  |
  350–499 |  | 51 (39) |  |
  < 350 |  | 26 (20) |  |
 Taking antiretroviral therapy |  | 131 (100) |  |
 Antiretroviral therapy duration, years |  | 9 [8, 10] |  |
Self-reported personal air quality | |||
 Excellent or Very good | 143 (55) | 75 (57) | 68 (53) |
 Fair | 69 (27) | 36 (27) | 33 (26) |
 Poor or Very poor | 48 (18) | 20 (15) | 28 (22) |
Cooking fuel | |||
 Firewood | 221 (85) | 94 (73) | 127 (98) |
 Charcoal | 37 (14) | 35 (27) | 2 (2) |
Cooking location | |||
 Inside the main house | 6 (2) | 6 (5) | 0 (0) |
 Inside a separate structure | 232 (89) | 107 (82) | 125 (97) |
 Outside | 22 (8) | 18 (14) | 4 (3) |
  Distance from house, metersb | 1 [0, 5] | 1 [0, 5] | 4 [3, 5] |
Trash burning near home | |||
 None | 98 (38) | 55 (42) | 43 (33) |
 < 1 times/week | 108 (42) | 47 (36) | 61 (47) |
 1–6 times/week | 52 (20) | 29 (22) | 23 (18) |
 At least daily | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) |
  Distance from home, metersc | 20 [10, 50] | 20 [10, 50] | 20 [10, 50] |
Home lighting source | |||
 Electricity, solar power | 84 (32) | 62 (47) | 22 (17) |
 Kerosene | 141 (54) | 41 (31) | 100 (78) |
 Battery | 26 (10) | 20 (15) | 6 (5) |
 Candles | 6 (2) | 5 (4) | 1 (1) |
Home ventilation | |||
 Rooms in house | 3 [3, 4] | 3 [2, 4] | 4 [3, 4] |
 Windows in house | 4 [3, 5] | 4 [2, 4] | 4 [4, 5] |
 Doors in house | 2 [2, 2] | 2 [1, 2] | 2 [2, 2] |