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Table 1 Baseline (1998–1991) Participant Characteristics by Airflow Obstruction and Restrictive Pattern at Visit 2 (1993–1995) (N = 2132)

From: Low-moderate arsenic exposure and respiratory in American Indian communities in the Strong Heart Study

 

Airflow obstruction

Restrictive Pattern

Healthy

FEV1/FVC < 0.70

(n = 458)

FEV1/FVC > 0.70

FVC < 80% predicted

(n = 307)

FEV1/FVC > 0.70

FVC > 80% predicted

(n = 1367)

Age, years

59.2 (0.3)

56.1 (0.5)

54.5 (0.2)

Female

226 (49.3%)

206 (67.1%)

860 (62.9%)

Education

 No high school (HS)

122 (26.6%)

68 (21.1%)

187 (13.7%)

 Some HS

111 (24.2%)

69 (22.4%)

313 (22.9%)

 Completed HS or higher

225 (49.2%)

170 (55.4%)

867 (63.4%)

Smoking status

 Never

113 (24.7%)

109 (35.5%)

451 (33.0%)

 Former

134 (29.3%)

91 (29.6%)

443 (32.4%)

 Current

211 (46.1%)

107 (34.9%)

473 (34.6%)

Smoking pack years

18.2 (0.9)

9.2 (0.7)

8.2 (0.3)

BMI, kg/m2

29.0 (0.2)

33.0 (0.4)

31.4 (0.2)

Diabetes

168 (36.7%)

185 (60.3%)

539 (39.4%)

Urine ∑As, μg/g creatinine

11.1 (6.2–16.1)

12.0 (6.2–20.2)

9.5 (5.6–15.7)

iAs, %

8.5 (5.9–11.7)

7.6 (5.6–10.7)

7.7 (5.5–11.0)

MMA, %

14.7 (11.3–18.5)

12.8 (10.5–16.2)

13.8 (10.8–17.2)

FEV1, %predicted

77.7 (0.8)

73.6 (0.6)

100.2 (0.3)

FVC, %predicted

93.9 (0.8)

69.4 (0.5)

98.6 (0.3)

FEV1/FVC, %

62.2 (0.3)

81.4 (0.4)

78.2 (0.1)

Inhaled steroids

8 (1.7%)

8 (2.6%)

36 (2.6%)

Self-reported chronic bronchitis

59 (13.0%)

49 (16.1%)

112 (8.3%)

Self-reported emphysema

34 (7.5%)

19 (6.3%)

25 (1.8%)

Self-reported asthma

59 (13.1%)

40 (13.1%)

87 (6.4%)

Medical record tuberculosis

83 (18.1%)

54 (17.6%)

155 (11.3%)

Self-reported cough

140 (30.6%)

84 (27.5%)

252 (18.5%)

Cough 4–6x/week

92 (64.8%)

54 (63.5%)

158 (61.5%)

Phlegm

89 (62.2%)

51 (60.0%)

161 (59.9%)

Shortness of breath

221 (48.6%)

169 (57.1%)

585 (43.1%)

Stopping for breath

97 (41.8%)

72 (42.4%)

186 (31.3%)

  1. All analyses are weighted. Data are mean (SE), n (% of column), or median (interquartile range)
  2. ∑As = inorganic arsenic plus methylated species