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Table 2 Participant Characteristics by Baseline (1998–1991) Urinary Arsenic Concentration (N = 2132)

From: Low-moderate arsenic exposure and respiratory in American Indian communities in the Strong Heart Study

 

Inorganic Plus Methylated Arsenic Species μg/g creatinine

P-valueb

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

≤7.0a

7.1–13.9a

≥14.0a

Age, years

55.6

55.6

56.0

0.37

Female

494 (56.0%)

443 (61.1%)

355 (67.6%)

< 0.001

Education

   

< 0.001

 No high school (HS)

80 (9.1%)

149 (20.6%)

148 (28.2%)

 

 Some HS

202 (22.9%)

160 (22.1%)

131 (25.0%)

 

 Completed HS or higher

600 (68.0%)

416 (57.4%)

246 (46.9%)

 

BMI, kg/m2

30.8 (0.1)

31.3 (0.2)

31.6 (0.3)

0.01

Diabetes

317 (35.9%)

296 (40.8%)

279 (53.1%)

< 0.001

Smoking status

   

0.06

 Never

292 (33.9%)

214 (29.5%)

167 (31.8%)

 

 Former

288 (32.6%)

235 (32.4%)

145 (27.6%)

 

 Current

302 (34.2%)

276 (38.1%)

213 (40.5%)

 

Smoking pack years

11.4 (0.4)

10.8 (0.4)

8.9 (0.5)

< 0.001

FEV1, %predicted

92.8 (0.4)

92.5 (0.6)

88.7 (0.7)

< 0.001

FVC, %predicted

93.3 (0.4)

95.0 (0.6)

90.3 (0.7)

< 0.001

FEV1/FVC, %

76.1 (0.2)

74.9 (0.3)

75.6 (0.4)

0.21

Airflow obstructionc

157 (20.7%)

167 (26.3%)

134 (31.0%)

0.02

Restrictive patternc

125 (17.2%)

89 (15.9%)

93 (23.8%)

< 0.001

Self-reported chronic bronchitis

82 (9.2%)

78 (10.8%)

60 (11.4%)

0.59

Self-reported emphysema

33 (3.7%)

26 (3.6%)

19 (3.6%)

0.43

Self-reported asthma

77 (8.8%)

65 (9.0%)

44 (8.4%)

0.51

Medical record tuberculosis

133 (15.1%)

99 (13.7%)

60 (11.4%)

0.02

  1. All analyses are weighted. Data are mean (SE) or n (% of tertile)
  2. aTertiles are range; calculated based on overall population; sum of inorganic and methylated species μg/g creatinine
  3. bFor continuous variables, ANOVA was used to calculate p-value; for categorical variables, chi-square test was used
  4. cFixed airflow obstruction: FEV1/FVC < 0.70
  5. cRestrictive pattern: FEV1/FVC > 0.70 & FVC < 80% predicted