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Table 3 Association by age and sex between daily maximum temperature and homicide, with odds ratios reported per 1 °C increase in temperature. Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals

From: Short-term association between ambient temperature and homicide in South Africa: a case-crossover study

 

Deaths included

Odds ratio

Definitea

Totalb

Definitea

Totalb

Male

 Lag 0c

54,278

188,737

1.016 (1.013, 1.018)

1.012 (1.011, 1.014)

 Lag 1d

54,266

188,713

1.012 (1.009, 1.014)

1.009 (1.007, 1.010)

 Lag 0-1e

54,090

188,141

1.018 (1.015, 1.021)

1.014 (1.012, 1.016)

Female

 Lag 0c

8805

34,053

1.013 (1.006, 1.019)

1.010 (1.007, 1.014)

 Lag 1d

8809

34,081

1.013 (1.007, 1.020)

1.008 (1.004, 1.011)

 Lag 0-1e

8781

33,953

1.017 (1.010, 1.025)

1.012 (1.008, 1.016)

0–17 years

 Lag 0c

4111

14,316

1.014 (1.005, 1.024)

1.011 (1.006, 1.016)

 Lag 1d

4115

14,328

1.013 (1.004, 1.022)

1.010 (1.005, 1.015)

 Lag 0-1e

4096

14,275

1.018 (1.008, 1.029)

1.014 (1.008, 1.020)

18–44 years

 Lag 0c

48,201

162,578

1.015 (1.012, 1.018)

1.013 (1.011, 1.014)

 Lag 1d

48,200

162,560

1.011 (1.008, 1.013)

1.008 (1.006, 1.010)

 Lag 0-1e

48,053

162,072

1.017 (1.014, 1.020)

1.014 (1.012, 1.015)

45+ years

 Lag 0c

10,425

44,803

1.016 (1.010, 1.022)

1.011 (1.008, 1.014)

 Lag 1d

10,415

44,811

1.016 (1.010, 1.022)

1.010 (1.007, 1.013)

 Lag 0-1e

10,378

44,657

1.022 (1.015, 1.029)

1.014 (1.010, 1.017)

  1. aDefinite homicides, ICD-10: X85-Y09
  2. bIncludes definite homicides and probable homicides (ICD-10: W25-W26, W32-W34, W50, Y22-Y24, Y28-Y29)
  3. cSame day’s temperature
  4. dPrevious day’s temperature
  5. eMoving average of same and previous day’s temperature