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Table 7 The Effect of PM2.5 on Mortalities (Control for County-level Annual Smoking Rates)

From: The impact of PM2.5 on mortality in older adults: evidence from retirement of coal-fired power plants in the United States

 

Models

(1)

(2)

(3)

 

Full Sample

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

6.54***

(3.06–10.02)

6.37***

(2.94–9.80)

6.91***

(3.20–10.63)

 

Male

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

8.99***

(4.45–13.52)

8.91***

(4.34–13.48)

9.49***

(4.59–14.39)

 

Female

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

5.09**

(0.96–9.22)

4.84**

(0.78–8.91)

5.34**

(1.06–9.63)

 

Age Groups

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

   

Age 65–75

−0.29

(− 2.11–1.53)

−0.29

(− 2.04–1.47)

0.07

(− 1.97–2.11)

Age 75+

14.35***

(8.24–20.46)

13.97***

(7.90–20.03)

14.74***

(8.34–21.14)

Weather Controls

N

Y

Y

Socioeconomic Controls

N

N

Y

County Fixed Effects

Y

Y

Y

Month Fixed Effects

Y

Y

Y

  1. Notes: This table reports the instrumental variable regression coefficients and standard errors. Retirement of coal-fired power plants is used as the instrumental variables for monthly PM2.5 concentrations. The dependent variable is the monthly standardized mortality rate per 100, 000 people. We control for county-level annual smoking rates in this robustness check. Weather controls include temperature, dew point, and barometric pressure. Socioeconomic controls include median household income and poverty rate. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X