Table 4 DALYs and age-standardized DALY rate for occupational risk factors, 1990, and 2017 in China, with mean percentage change for 1990–2017
Occupational risks | DALYs, in thousand | Age-standardized DALY rate (per 100,000) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2017 | Percentage change (%) | 1990 | 2017 | Percentage change (%) | |
Asthmagens | 194.5(144.5–244.7) | 114.8(79.8–158.3) | − 41.0(− 54.5--20.9) | 17.39(12.85–21.92) | 6.28(4.34–8.68) | − 63.9(− 72.6--50.8) |
Carcinogens | 766.0(590.4–959.8) | 1650.5(1260.4–2089.6) | 115.5(87.2–147.1) | 78.63(60.59–98.03) | 80.49(62.23–101.39) | 2.4(− 11.2–17.94) |
 Arsenic | 40.4(15.7–66.8) | 101.8(38.3–167.1) | 152.2(123.1–185.8) | 4.05(1.58–6.69) | 4.77(1.80–7.83) | 17.9(4.4–33.7) |
 Asbestos | 124.8(85.7–190.1) | 442.1(304.7–589.5) | 254.3(135.1–375.6) | 14.57(10.06–22.02) | 22.94(15.85–30.54) | 57.5(6.0–108.6) |
 Benzene | 20.1(5.6–33.9) | 17.1(5.0–28.7) | − 14.7(− 27.7–8.8) | 1.56(0.44–2.65) | 1.01(0.29–1.69) | − 35.5(− 45.8--17.8) |
 Beryllium | 1.8(1.5–2.1) | 4.1(3.3–4.9) | 133.7(107.5–160.1) | 0.18(0.15–0.21) | 0.19(0.16–0.23) | 9.3(− 2.3–20.5) |
 Cadmium | 3.9(3.3–4.6) | 10.0(8.3–11.9) | 152.9(121.3–187.0) | 0.39(0.33–0.46) | 0.47(0.39–0.56) | 18.2(4.4–34.0) |
 Chromium | 7.5(6.6–8.4) | 19.9(17.2–22.8) | 166.8(135.6–201.4) | 0.75(0.66–0.84) | 0.93(0.81–1.07) | 24.8(10.4–40.6) |
 DEE | 84.3(74.2–95.5) | 220.9(190.9–253.5) | 161.9(129.2–191.1) | 8.45(7.44–9.55) | 10.35(8.97–11.87) | 22.5(7.5–35.9) |
 Formaldehyde | 19.9(15.2–24.8) | 16.5(13.0–20.7) | − 17.2(− 31.4--0.3) | 1.64(1.26–2.03) | 0.91(0.72–1.12) | − 44.6(− 52.9--35.0) |
 Nickel | 45.5(8.9–101.5) | 104.0(20.8–231.5) | 128.7(102.0–158.4) | 4.56(0.90–10.19) | 4.87(0.98–10.84) | 7.0(− 5.4–20.8) |
 PAHs | 26.0(22.0–29.8) | 68.4(57.1–80.0) | 163.1(129.3–198.0) | 2.60(2.21–2.99) | 3.21(2.68–3.76) | 23.1(7.9–39.1) |
 Silica | 396.2(259.5–548.7) | 673.4(395.7–961.1) | 70.0(37.3–99.9) | 40.31(26.54–55.58) | 32.12(19.09–45.62) | − 20.3(− 35.6--6.1) |
 Sulfuric acid | 13.0(5.4–24.3) | 20.9(8.8–39.0) | 60.3(45.9–78.7) | 1.30(0.54–2.43) | 0.97(0.41–1.82) | − 25.4(− 32.2--16.9) |
 Trichloroethylene | 0.1(0.0–0.2) | 0.4(0.1–0.8) | 244.5(145.3–313.0) | 0.01(0.00–0.02) | 0.02(0.00–0.04) | 66.8(18.3–99.6) |
Ergonomic factors | 2245.6(1544.9–3125.8) | 2010.5(1372.6–2791.7) | − 10.5(− 20.4--0.5) | 196.81(135.56–275.34) | 107.48(74.45–147.55) | − 45.4(− 50.4--39.5) |
Injuries | 8670.1(7298.9–10,281.7) | 4557.6(3748.9–5420.7) | − 47.4(− 57.8--34.4) | 705.89(594.31–836.67) | 268.58(221.03–319.58) | − 62.0(− 69.4--52.5) |
Noise | 1000.0(678.0–1427.0) | 1742.2(1186.1–2455.4) | 74.2(69.6–79.4) | 95.44(65.10–134.64) | 90.92(61.88–128.17) | − 4.7(− 7.0--2.4) |
PGFs | 5281.4(4504.0–6043.7) | 3984.6(3368.8–4617.9) | −24.6(− 30.6--12.9) | 660.90(557.37–760.57) | 216.42(181.99–253.00) | −67.2(−69.6--62.2) |
All occupational risks | 18,157.6(15,945.0–20,433.3) | 14,060.2(12,023.0–16,125.8) | − 22.57(− 30.3--14.0) | 1755.07(1543.63–1971.82) | 770.18(662.71–885.84) | − 56.1(− 60.4--51.3) |