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Table 4 Maternal median (25–75 percentile) osmolality adjusted urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations according to mother/child characteristics

From: Maternal phthalate exposure and asthma, rhinitis and eczema in 552 children aged 5 years; a prospective cohort study

Characteristics

n

MEP Median and 25-75th percentile (ng/ml)

ΣMBPi + n Median and 25-75th percentile

(ng/ml)

ΣDEHPm Median and 25-75th percentile

(ng/ml)

ΣDiNPm Median and 25-75th percentile

(ng/ml)

Sex

 Boy

278

22.2 (9.6–55.0)

44.7 (27.1–71.4)

22.0 (13.9–33.2)

9.9 (5.8–19.7)

 Girl

274

19.6 (8.8–51.9)

43.7 (26.3–69.2)

21.8 (12.5–31.9)

8.6 (5.1–15.8)

Birth weight (grams)

  < 2500

13

13.4 (6.8–20.9)

37.7 (30.2–44.1)

20.2 (15.8–22.3)

7.2 (6.3–19.2)

 2500–4000

435

22.6 (9.8–51.9)

45.2 (27.2–68.5)

22.3 (13.5–33.0)

9.0 (5.4–17.6)

  ≥ 4000

104

16.6 (8.0–65.6)

42.5 (25.7–73.5)

20.8 (12.3–30.1)

10.8 (5.1–20.4)

Preterm (<week 37)

 Yes

24

17.8 (9.9–72.5)

40.9 (28.8–70.1)

20.8 (12.0–27.2)

9.5 (5.7–20.7)

 No

528

21.4 (9.1–52.4)

44.5 (26.6–70.0)

22.0 (13.5–32.9)

9.2 (5.4–18.3)

Age at birth (year)

  < 25

50

20.6 (8.9–37.7)

44.3 (24.3–70.0)

20.4 (14.7–33.0)

9.3 (4.5–14.3)

 25–29

193

19.8 (9.8–47.7)

40.5 (26.1–66.2)

21.2 (11.2–31.3)

9.1 (5.1–19.3)

 30–34

210

20.5 (8.9–55.0)

45.0 (26.6–70.4)

21.7 (14.2–32.5)

9.3 (5.7–15.5)

  ≥ 35

99

25.2 (8.8–94.8)

52.1 (35.7–75.1)

24.0 (13.8–34.7)

9.2 (6.4–19.7)

BMI (kg/m2)

  < 20

59

26.1 (10.6–55.0)

49.1 (30.2–72.5)*

22.0 (15.0–29.3)*

7.4 (5.0–19.3)*

 20–25

286

19.5 (8.7–46.9)

40.4 (22.4–63.0)

20.4 (11.6–31.0)

8.4 (5.0–14.8)

  ≥ 25

207

25.4 (9.3–65.4)

49.9 (30.5–75.4)*

24.0 (15.8–39.8)*

11.5 (6.6–20.5)*

Parity

 Nulliparous

321

20.9 (10.4–50.0)

44.9 (27.0–69.4)

21.8 (13.4–33.0)

9.5 (5.4–19.2)

 Multiparous

231

21.4 (8.6–61.5)

43.9 (26.5–70.1)

22.0 (13.5–32.1)

9.1 (5.2–15.8)

Smoking

 Yes

16

26.2 (7.9–69.2)

48.2 (25.8–76.4)

24.1 (15.7–35.8)

11.4 (4.7–20.4)

 No

536

21.0 (9.3–52.5)

44.4 (26.7–69.7)

21.9 (13.5–32.4)

9.2 (5.4–18.3)

Education level years

 Low

144

25.4 (10.6–65.6)

48.5 (29.7–75.6)

24.0 (13.5–39.0)

10.2 (6.0–20.7)

 Intermediate

279

19.8 (8.8–55.8)

43.0 (25.3–66.9)

21.4 (13.5–31.0)

9.0 (5.5–16.8)

 High

124

19.8 (9.1–39.6)

45.8 (29.4–73.2)

21.7 (12.9–31.6)

8.5 (4.9–19.1)

Breastfeeding

  < 4 weeks

45

17.0 (9.0–53.2)

48.1 (36.1–75.2)

24.8 (13.7–33.4)

10.3 (7.0–21.2)

 4–19 weeks

88

30.3 (14.2–91.4)

49.9 (31.5–67.5)

20.7 (15.2–32.8)

12.8 (7.0–19.9)

  > 19 weeks

419

20.4 (9.3–49.2)

43.3 (25.7–70.1)

21.8 (13.1–32.1)

8.6 (5.1–17.2)

Family history of asthma/allergy

 Yes

309

19.5 (8.4–49.9)

44.4 (27.2–68.5)

21.6 (13.0–32.4)

9.7 (5.3–20.3)

 No

239

23.2 (10.9–56.9)

44.2 (26.0–71.1)

22.3 (13.6–32.8)

8.4 (5.4–14.8)

Family history of asthma

 Yes

115

22.2 (8.1–54.1)

41.2 (26.7–68.5)

21.2 (13.0–32.4)

9.0 (5.1–20.0)

 No

437

20.9 (10.2–52.5)

45.2 (26.6–70.0)

22.1 (13.5–32.5)

9.2 (5.6–18.0)

  1. Abbreviations: MEP monoethyl phthalate; ΣMBPi + n Monobutyl phthalate (i + n); ΣDiNPm sum of Di-isonyl phthalate metabolites; ΣDEHPm sum of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites
  2. *p < 0.05 using Mann-Whitney test for difference between characteristics with 2 parameters, Kruskal-Wallis test for characteristics with more than 2 parameters