Table 1 OPE parent compounds, major urinary metabolites, and select uses
Parent | Metabolite | Select Uses |
|---|---|---|
Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) | Bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) | Flame retardants; adhesives and sealants; finishing agents; paint and coating additives; building/construction materials; electrical and electronic products; fabric, textile, and leather products; foam seating and bedding products [47] |
Tris(1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) | Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) | Flame retardant; polyurethane foam (e.g., foam seating) [14] |
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) | Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) | Flame retardant; PVC plasticizer; nail polish; paint and coating additive; additive in polymer mixtures used in electronic enclosure applications; lubricants and greases; photographic supplies, film, and photo chemicals; rubber products; foam seating [48,49,50] |
2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) | Flame retardant; PVC plasticizer; food-packaging plastics, wrappings, and films. Foam seating and bedding products. Uses in the European Union include PVC, rubber, polyurethanes, photo films, paints, pigment dispersions, adhesives and textile coatings [51, 52] | |
Isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate | Isopropylphenyl-phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) | Flame retardant; polyurethane foam (e.g., foam seating) [53, 54] |
Tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate | Tert-butyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) | Flame retardant; polyurethane foam (e.g., foam seating) [5, 55] |