Table 1 Description of Cases and Controls
From: Prenatal exposure to pesticides and risk for holoprosencephaly: a case-control study
Characteristic | Cases (%) | Controls (%) | P- Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Ā | Ā | 0.13 |
āMale | 34 (40.5) | 26 (54.2) | Ā |
āFemale | 50 (59.5) | 22 (45.8) | Ā |
Maternal age | Ā | Ā | 0.80 |
ā<ā35āyears | 55 (72.4) | 36 (75.0) | Ā |
āā„ā35 | 21 (27.6) | 12 (25.0) | Ā |
Paternal age | Ā | Ā | 0.31 |
ā<ā35āyears | 49 (66.2) | 28 (57.1) | Ā |
āā„ā35 | 25 (33.8) | 21 (42.9) | Ā |
Residential location | Ā | Ā | 0.60 |
āUrban | 50 (58.8) | 36 (66.7) | Ā |
āRural | 32 (37.6) | 17 (31.5) | Ā |
āBoth | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.9) | Ā |
Alcohol consumptionb | Ā | Ā | 0.06 |
āNo | 29 (38.2) | 12 (22.2) | Ā |
āYes | 47 (61.8) | 42 (77.8) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā Before 3āmonths | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 32 (41.6) | 13 (24.1) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Ā Yes | 45 (58.4) | 41 (75.9) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 1st Trimester | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 68 (89.5) | 45 (83.3) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 8 (10.5) | 9 (16.7) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 2nd Trimester | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 74 (97.4) | 50 (92.6) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Ā Yes | 2 (2.6) | 4 (7.4) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 3rd Trimester | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 72 (94.7) | 46 (85.2) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 4 (5.3) | 8 (14.8) | Ā |
Smoking | Ā | Ā | 0.28 |
āNo | 68 (86.1) | 50 (92.6) | Ā |
āYes | 11 (13.9) | 4 (7.4) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā Before 3āmonths | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 68 (86.1) | 50 (92.6) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 11 (13.9) | 4 (7.4) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 1st Trimester | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 73 (92.4) | 52 (96.3) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 6 (7.6) | 2 (3.7) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 2nd Trimester | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 78 (98.7) | 52 (96.3) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 1 (1.3) | 2 (3.7) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 3rd Trimester | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 78 (98.7) | 52 (96.3) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 1 (1.3) | 2 (3.7) | Ā |
Folic acid supplement intakec | Ā | Ā | 0.08 |
āNo | 4 (10.3) | 1 (1.9) | Ā |
āYes | 35 (89.7) | 52 (98.1) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā Before 3āmonths | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 21 (53.8) | 18 (34.0) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 18 (46.2) | 35 (66.0) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 1st month | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 13 (37.1) | 5 (10.4) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 22 (62.9) | 43 (89.6) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 2nd month | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 6 (17.1) | 3 (6.2) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 29 (82.9) | 45 (93.8) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 3rd month | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 7 (20.0) | 4 (8.3) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 28 (80.0) | 44 (91.7) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 2nd trimester | |||
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā No | 8 (22.9) | 5 (10.4) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Yes | 27 (77.1) | 43 (89.6) | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā 3rd trimester | |||
āĀ Ā Ā No | 8 (22.9) | 7 (14.6) | Ā |
āĀ Ā Ā Yes | 27 (77.1) | 41 (85.4) | Ā |
Time since delivery to survey (median years) | 3.58 | 2.33 | 0.04 |
4-Gene Screen Status | |||
āPositive (%) | 13 (23.6) | NC | NC |
āSHH | 2 (15.4) | NC | Ā |
āZIC2 | 6 (46.2) | NC | Ā |
āSIX3 | 5 (38.5) | NC | Ā |
āTGIF | 0 (0.0) | NC | Ā |
Ā Ā Ā Negative (%) | 42 (76.4) | NC | Ā |