Impacts of ambient air pollution on glucose metabolism in Korean adults: a Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants by sex in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012–2013)

Variables	Male		Female		Total		p-value^†
	(n = 4267)		(n = 5747)		(n = 10,014)
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Diabetes^a							< 0.0001
No	3710	86.9	5194	90.4	8904	88.9
Yes	557	13.1	553	9.6	1110	11.1
Age group							0.565
< 65 years	3294	77.2	4495	78.2	7789	77.8
≥65 years	973	22.8	1252	21.8	2225	22.2
Education level							< 0.0001
Elementary school	694	16.3	1651	28.8	2345	23.4
Middle school	459	10.8	589	10.2	1048	10.5
High school	1577	36.9	1858	32.3	3435	34.3
University and over	1537	36.0	1649	28.7	3186	31.8
Alcohol consumption							< 0.0001
No	724	17.0	2151	37.4	2875	28.7
Less than once a week	1994	46.7	3086	53.7	5080	50.7
More than once a week	1549	36.3	510	8.9	2059	20.6
Physical activity							< 0.0001
No	2338	54.7	2201	38.3	4539	45.3
Yes	1929	45.2	3546	61.7	5475	54.7
Smoking							< 0.0001
Never smoked	873	20.5	5160	89.8	6033	60.2
Past	1703	39.9	265	4.6	1968	19.7
Current	1691	39.6	322	5.6	2013	20.1
Obesity							< 0.0001
Underweight (BMI: < 18.5 kg/m²)	96	2.2	301	5.2	397	63.5
Normal (BMI: ≥18.5 and < 25.0 kg/m²)	2601	61.0	3753	65.3	6354	4.0
Obesity (BMI: ≥25.0 kg/m²)	1570	36.8	1693	29.5	3263	32.5

^ap-values were obtained by comparing the groups using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. ^‡ Participants with FBG levels above 126 mg/dL or taking diabetes medications, who received insulin injections, or who had been diagnosed with DM by a physician were classified as being diabetic

ISSN: 1476-069X