Table 4 Fully adjusted, categorical and linear associations between time-weighted average air pollution (10 years before index date) and risk of intracranial CNS tumors, Denmark 1989–2014
Exposure levels (a) | NOX | NO2 | BC | PM2.5 | O3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cntrls | Cases | OR (95%CI) | Cntrls | Cases | OR | Cntrls | Cases | OR (95%CI) | Cntrls | Cases | OR (95%CI) | Cntrls | Cases | OR (95%CI) | |
Intracranial CNS tumors | |||||||||||||||
< median | 18,681 | 10,341 | Referent | 18,674 | 10,367 | 18,818 | 10,386 | Referent | 18,682 | 10,745 | Referent | 18,690 | 10,694 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 16,815 | 9665 | 1.017 (0.973–1.063) | 16,823 | 9631 | 1.004 (0.959–1.051) | 16,692 | 9605 | 1.021 (0.977–1.068) | 16,816 | 9263 | 0.991 (0.926–1.062) | 16,806 | 9288 | 0.986 (0.941–1.033) |
95-99pct | 1496 | 845 | 1.021 (0.927–1.126) | 1495 | 847 | 1.001 (0.904–1.109) | 1481 | 850 | 1.045 (0.948–1.152) | 1494 | 865 | 1.069 (0.948–1.205) | 1496 | 885 | 1.059 (0.960–1.168) |
≥ 99pct | 373 | 204 | 0.993 (0.828–1.191) | 373 | 210 | 1.006 (0.838–1.209) | 374 | 214 | 1.057 (0.884–1.265) | 373 | 182 | 0.897 (0.736–1.094) | 373 | 188 | 0.902 (0.748–1.088) |
per IQR | 1.011 (0.992–1.030) | 1.031 (0.997–1.066) | 1.016 (0.996–1.037) | 1.010 (0.944–1.08) | 0.967 (0.934–1.002) | ||||||||||
Malignant | |||||||||||||||
< median | 8630 | 4828 | Referent | 8658 | 4877 | 8776 | 4887 | Referent | 8121 | 4665 | Referent | 8801 | 4945 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 7923 | 4451 | 1.006 (0.943–1.074) | 7882 | 4391 | 0.982 (0.919–1.051) | 7772 | 4373 | 1.022 (0.957–1.091) | 8335 | 4560 | 1.014 (0.917–1.122) | 7752 | 4328 | 1.006 (0.939–1.077) |
95-99pct | 677 | 416 | 1.109 (0.961–1.279) | 691 | 415 | 1.047 (0.902–1.216) | 681 | 424 | 1.155 (1.003–1.331) | 766 | 470 | 1.192 (1.008–1.411) | 685 | 414 | 1.082 (0.937–1.249) |
≥ 99pct | 167 | 90 | 0.972 (0.740–1.275) | 166 | 102 | 1.070 (0.819–1.399) | 168 | 101 | 1.108 (0.853–1.441) | 175 | 90 | 0.981 (0.737–1.305) | 159 | 98 | 1.072 (0.818–1.404) |
per IQR | 1.026 (0.998–1.056) | 1.042 (0.992–1.095) | 1.034 (1.005–1.065) | 1.021 (0.926–1.126) | 0.962 (0.913–1.012) | ||||||||||
Non-malignant | |||||||||||||||
< median | 10,051 | 5513 | Referent | 10,016 | 5490 | 10,042 | 5499 | Referent | 10,561 | 6080 | Referent | 9889 | 5749 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 8892 | 5214 | 1.027 (0.967–1.091) | 8941 | 5240 | 1.023 (0.961–1.089) | 8920 | 5232 | 1.022 (0.961–1.086) | 8481 | 4703 | 0.971 (0.883–1.067) | 9054 | 4960 | 0.968 (0.908–1.031) |
95-99pct | 819 | 429 | 0.953 (0.834–1.090) | 804 | 432 | 0.965 (0.838–1.111) | 800 | 426 | 0.960 (0.839–1.099) | 728 | 395 | 0.949 (0.799–1.127) | 811 | 471 | 1.039 (0.909–1.188) |
≥ 99pct | 206 | 114 | 1.013 (0.793–1.294) | 207 | 108 | 0.961 (0.747–1.237) | 206 | 113 | 1.011 (0.791–1.292) | 198 | 92 | 0.834 (0.633–1.100) | 214 | 90 | 0.771 (0.593–1.002) |
per IQR | 0.998 (0.972–1.025) | 1.022 (0.976–1.070) | 1.000 (0.972–1.028) | 1.000 (0.912–1.096) | 0.972 (0.926–1.021) | ||||||||||
Glioma | |||||||||||||||
< median | 6596 | 3713 | Referent | 6606 | 3741 | 6684 | 3754 | Referent | 6309 | 3703 | Referent | 6512 | 3734 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 5899 | 3406 | 1.025 (0.951–1.105) | 5876 | 3369 | 1.003(0.929–1.083) | 5816 | 3352 | 1.036 (0.961–1.117) | 6101 | 3379 | 0.929 (0.827–1.043) | 5954 | 3338 | 0.991 (0.916–1.071) |
95-99pct | 478 | 284 | 1.064 (0.897–1.262) | 491 | 288 | 1.013(0.848–1.209) | 477 | 294 | 1.129 (0.954–1.336) | 561 | 327 | 0.994 (0.816–1.210) | 501 | 313 | 1.101 (0.932–1.299) |
≥ 99pct | 118 | 62 | 0.925 (0.668–1.281) | 118 | 67 | 0.962 (0.697–1.328) | 114 | 65 | 1.022 (0.741–1.410) | 120 | 56 | 0.773 (0.545–1.097) | 124 | 80 | 1.100 (0.812–1.490) |
per IQR | 1.017 (0.983–1.052) | 1.026 (0.969–1.087) | 1.028 (0.993–1.063) | 0.938 (0.836–1.053) | 0.973 (0.916–1.033) | ||||||||||
Meningioma | |||||||||||||||
< median | 5164 | 2667 | Referent | 5132 | 2608 | 5163 | 2627 | Referent | 5446 | 3099 | Referent | 4966 | 3010 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 4409 | 2701 | 1.087 (0.869–1.122) | 4450 | 2757 | 1.133 (1.036–1.239) | 4429 | 2748 | 1.123 (1.030–1.224) | 4210 | 2326 | 0.943 (0.827–1.075) | 4569 | 2376 | 0.920 (0.841–1.007) |
95-99pct | 412 | 234 | 1.045 (0.604–1.149) | 410 | 239 | 1.100 (0.906–1.336) | 394 | 225 | 1.085 (0.898–1.310) | 340 | 195 | 0.992 (0.779–1.264) | 445 | 226 | 0.922 (0.763–1.115) |
≥ 99pct | 109 | 55 | 0.934 (0.650–2.356) | 102 | 53 | 1.004 (0.699–1.440) | 108 | 57 | 1.036 (0.736–1.460) | 98 | 37 | 0.651 (0.428–0.990) | 114 | 45 | 0.748 (0.519–1.078) |
per IQR | 1.009 (0.972–1.047) | 1.083 (1.016–1.154) | 1.016 (0.977–1.057) | 1.088 (0.955–1.239) | 0.923 (0.862–0.988) | ||||||||||
Cranial Nerves | |||||||||||||||
< median | 2181 | 1280 | Referent | 2167 | 1276 | 2147 | 1286 | Referent | 2309 | 1335 | Referent | 2121 | 1192 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 1943 | 1104 | 0.987 (0.869–1.122) | 1960 | 1108 | 0.978 (0.856–1.119) | 1974 | 1096 | 0.915 (0.804–1.042) | 1823 | 1045 | 1.047 (0.854–1.283) | 1989 | 1156 | 0.990 (0.864–1.133) |
95-99pct | 159 | 69 | 0.833 (0.604–1.149) | 151 | 69 | 0.870 (0.622–1.217) | 161 | 75 | 0.814 (0.596–1.111) | 146 | 74 | 0.912 (0.614–1.353) | 160 | 102 | 1.131 (0.840–1.522) |
≥ 99pct | 28 | 17 | 1.237 (0.650–2.356) | 33 | 17 | 1.052 (0.559–1.978) | 29 | 13 | 0.816 (0.408–1.635) | 33 | 16 | 0.971 (0.501–1.884) | 41 | 20 | 0.849 (0.476–1.517) |
per IQR | 0.970 (0.908–1.036) | 0.952 (0.858–1.058) | 0.943 (0.879–1.011) | 0.963 (0.776–1.194) | 1.046 (0.936–1.169) | ||||||||||
Malignant Non-glioma tumors of the brain | |||||||||||||||
< median | 2031 | 1121 | Referent | 2040 | 1142 | 2085 | 1138 | Referent | 1851 | 1001 | Referent | 2235 | 1184 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 1977 | 1021 | 1.021 (0.977–1.068) | 1969 | 1000 | 0.904 (0.786–1.041) | 1913 | 1000 | 0.966 (0.842–1.108) | 2156 | 1128 | 1.254 (1.019–1.543) | 1793 | 995 | 1.059 (0.918–1.221) |
95-99pct | 189 | 131 | 1.045 (0.948–1.152) | 191 | 125 | 1.153 (0.867–1.534) | 197 | 125 | 1.219 (0.933–1.593) | 191 | 139 | 2.033 (1.451–2.849) | 184 | 102 | 1.003 (0.750–1.342) |
> =99pct | 50 | 28 | 1.057 (0.884–1.265) | 47 | 34 | 1.267 (0.774–2.075) | 52 | 38 | 1.374 (0.867–2.177) | 49 | 33 | 1.833 (1.093–3.073) | 35 | 20 | 1.054 (0.587–1.893) |
per IQR | 1.049 (0.996–1.106) | 1.084 (0.983–1.194) | 1.051 (0.996–1.110) | 1.267 (1.053–1.524) | 0.937 (0.846–1.037) | ||||||||||
Non-malignant Non-glioma tumors of the brain | |||||||||||||||
< median | 2709 | 1560 | Referent | 2729 | 1600 | 2739 | 1581 | Referent | 2767 | 1607 | Referent | 2856 | 1574 | Referent | |
50-94pct | 2587 | 1433 | 0.958 (0.854–1.075) | 2568 | 1397 | 0.894(0.793–1.008) | 2560 | 1409 | 0.944 (0.840–1.060) | 2526 | 1385 | 0.997 (0.828–1.201) | 2501 | 1423 | 1.033 (0.915–1.167) |
95-99pct | 258 | 127 | 0.875 (0.685–1.118) | 252 | 126 | 0.803 (0.618–1.043) | 252 | 131 | 0.909 (0.712–1.161) | 256 | 130 | 0.895 (0.655–1.222) | 206 | 142 | 1.282 (0.995–1.652) |
≥ 99pct | 68 | 42 | 1.074 (0.707–1.633) | 73 | 39 | 0.864 (0.562–1.329) | 71 | 41 | 1.000 (0.659–1.518) | 73 | 40 | 1.002 (0.637–1.574) | 59 | 23 | 0.743 (0.442–1.250) |
per IQR | 0.995 (0.950–1.042) | 0.969(0.890–1.054) | 1.003 (0.956–1.053) | 0.897 (0.759–1.060) | 1.012 (0.925–1.107) | ||||||||||