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Table 2 Distribution of Selected Characteristics of Subjects and Parents by PCE Exposure Status

From: Drug use disorder following early life exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic

Prenatal and Early Childhood Exposure

(N = 363)

Unexposed

(N = 255)

Year of birth

n

%

n

%

 1969–1974

77

21.2%

66

25.9%

 1975–1980

191

52.6%

134

52.5%

 1981–1983

95

26.2%

55

21.6%

Current age (mean, sd)

40 (4)

41 (4)

Sex at birth

 Male

134

36.9%

79

31.0%

 Female

229

63.1%

176

69.0%

% White race

359

98.9%

253

99.2%

Current educational level

 High school graduate or less

18

5.0%

16

6.3%

 Some college

61

16.9%

49

19.3%

 Four year college grad or higher

283

78.2%

189

74.4%

 Missing

1

 

1

 

Currently employed

 Yes

325

90.0%

226

90.4%

 No

36

10.0%

24

9.6%

 Missing

2

 

5

 

Current marital status

 Married or cohabitating

313

86.2%

201

78.8%

 Separated, divorced, widowed,

18

5.0%

24

9.4%

 Never married

32

8.8%

30

11.8%

Ever had solvent-exposed job

 Yes

54

15.3%

34

13.7%

 No

299

84.7%

215

86.3%

 Missing

10

 

6

 

Ever had solvent-exposed hobby

 Yes

306

85.0%

219

86.9%

 No

54

15.0%

33

13.1%

 Missing

3

 

3

 

History of learning problem

 Yes

64

17.9%

46

18.2%

 No

293

82.1%

207

81.8%

 Missing

6

 

2

 

History of repeating a grade

 Yes

33

9.2%

27

10.6%

 No

325

90.8%

227

89.4%

 Missing

5

 

1

 

History of military service

 Yes

21

5.8%

17

6.7%

 No

342

94.2%

238

93.3%

History of mental disorder*

 Yes

152

42.3%

91

35.8%

 No

207

57.7%

163

64.2%

 Missing

4

 

1

 

Mother’s age at subject’s birth

(mean sd)

27 (4)

28 (4)

Father’s age at subject’s birth

(mean, sd)

30 (6)

30 (5)

Mother’s educational level at subject’s birth

 High school graduate or less

124

34.2%

71

28.0%

 Some college

101

27.8%

91

35.8%

  > = Four year college graduate

138

38.0%

92

36.2%

 Missing

0

 

1

 

Father’s occupation at subject’s birth

 White collar

208

57.8%

125

49.4%

 Blue collar

107

29.7%

76

30.0%

 Other

45

12.5%

52

20.6%

 Missing

3

 

2

 

Mother received prenatal care during subject’s gestation

 Yes

352

99.7%

243

100.0%

 No

1

0.3%

0

0.0%

 Missing

10

 

12

 

Mother smoked cigarettes during subject’s gestation

 Yes

72

23.4%

46

21.9%

 No

235

76.5%

164

78.1%

 Missing

56

 

45

 

Mother consumed alcohol during subject’s gestation

 Yes

150

49.0%

91

43.3%

 No

156

51.0%

119

56.7%

 Missing

57

 

45

 

Mother used cannabis during subject’s gestation

 Yes

10

3.2%

9

4.3%

 No

298

96.8%

198

95.7%

 Missing

55

 

48

 

Mother had medical and obstetrical complications during subject’s gestation

 Yes

59

19.3%

52

25.1%

 No

246

80.7%

155

74.9%

 Missing

58

 

48

 

Mother had occupational exposure to solvents

 Yes

45

14.8

29

14.1

 No

259

85.2

177

85.9

 Missing

59

 

49

 

Birth weight (mean, sd)

Missing

3428 (504)

4

3406 (556)

27

Gestational age (mean, sd)

Missing

40 (3)

13

40 (2)

13

Multiple pregnancy

8

2.2%

10

3.9%

Subject breast fed

 Yes

198

64.9%

142

68.6%

 No

107

35.1%

65

31.4%

 Missing

58

 

48

 

Number of older siblings

 0

168

46.3%

121

47.8%

 1

128

35.3%

79

31.2%

 2+

67

18.5%

53

20.9%

 Missing

0

 

2

 

Immediate family member was a problem drinker

 Yes

174

49.2%

103

41.9%

 No

180

50.8%

143

58.1%

 Missing

9

 

9

 

Immediate family member had problems with drugs

 Yes

82

23.9%

54

22.3%

 No

261

76.1%

188

77.7%

 Missing

20

 

13

 
  1. *Includes anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorder and schizophrenia