Table 3 The distribution of FPG and 1 h-PG (mmol/L) according to participant’s demographic characteristics

Total

4.04 ± 0.45

6.46 ± 1.37

Maternal age at enrollment (years)

  < 25

4.01 ± 0.39

5.99 ± 1.28

 25–35

4.04 ± 0.45

6.54 ± 1.35*

  ≥ 35

4.08 ± 0.49

6.73 ± 1.70*

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

  < 18.5

4.06 ± 0.47

6.25 ± 1.38

 18.5–24.9

4.04 ± 0.44

6.52 ± 1.36

  ≥ 25

4.09 ± 0.45

6.65 ± 1.43

Maternal education

 Below high school

4.15 ± 0.44

6.05 ± 1.55

 High School

4.05 ± 0.46

6.41 ± 1.54

 College or above

4.02 ± 0.44

6.52 ± 1.30*

Per capita household income (CNY)

  < 4000

4.05 ± 0.39

6.46 ± 1.33

 4000–8000

4.05 ± 0.46

6.49 ± 1.37

  > 8000

3.99 ± 0.47

6.37 ± 1.39

Passive smoking

 Yes

4.07 ± 0.47

6.44 ± 1.40

 No

4.05 ± 0.43

6.47 ± 1.38

Pregnancy complication

 Yes

4.28 ± 0.43

6.76 ± 1.54

 No

4.04 ± 0.45

6.45 ± 1.39

History of abortion and stillbirth

 Yes

4.25 ± 0.43

6.52 ± 1.5

 No

4.07 + 0.43

6.44 + 1.33

Parity

 0

4.07 ± 0.48

6.43 ± 1.36

  ≥ 1

4.15 ± 0.43

6.72 ± 1.61