Table 2 Study characteristics
Author (year) | Aim | Number of studies | Number of participants | Cooling Interventions | Study context | Type of analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adams 2014 [91] | Evaluate the change in heart rate for every 1% loss in body mass | 20 | a188 (173 M, 15 F) | Hydration | Athletic performance | ES + MR |
Alhadad 2019 [93] | Evaluate heat mitigation strategies to lower core temperature pre, mid and post exercise | 123 | a1470 (1382 M, 88 F) | Aerobic fitness, heat acclimation (low and high humidity), fluid ingestion (ad libitum, low and high consumption, hypohydrated, euhydrated), pre-cooling (cold water immersion, cold air exposure, cooling vests, cold fluid ingestion, ice slurry ingestion) | Athletic performance | ES |
Best 2018 [80] | Meta-analyze the effect of internal and external cooling methods applied before and during exercise on performance | 10 | a101 (101 M, 0 F) | Ice slurry ingestion, ice towels, oral rehydration, water dousing, external menthol application, cold fluids with menthol | Athletic performance | ES |
Bongers 2015 [89] | Evaluate precooling and percooling on exercise performance and thermoregulatory responses | 28 | a261 (283 M, 8 F) | Cooling vest, cold water immersion, cold water ingestion, cooling packs, mixed methods | Athletic performance | ES + MR |
Born 2013 [88] | Summarize evidence concerning compression garments on performance and recovery | b3 | 30 (30 M, 0 F) | Compression garments | Athletic performance | ES |
Brearley 2015 [81] | Efficacy of water immersion in firefighting settings to rapidly reduce core temperature | 43 | 642 (517 M, 125 F) | Limb immersion | Firefighters | QUAL |
Burdon 2010 [86] | Determine whether ingesting cool beverages lowers core temperature and improves athletic performance | 10 | 86 (86 M, 0 F) | Cold fluid ingestion | Athletic performance | ES |
Burdon 2012 [84] | Effect of beverage temperature on drink palatability | 11 | 233 (208 M, 25 F) | Fluid ingestion | Athletic performance | ES |
Chalmers 2014 [65] | Investigate the effect of short term heat acclimation on physical performance | 8 | 98 (79 M, 19 F) | Short term heat acclimation | Athletic performance | QUAL |
Chan 2015 [73] | Determine the effectiveness of multiple microenvironment cooling systems on physical performance | 32 | 235 (231 M, 4 F) | Phase change garments, air cooled garments, cold-air cooled garments, liquid cooled garments, hybrid cooling garments, local cooling packs, cooling packs on neck and head | Sport, military, chemical protection, firefighting, and occupational health | ES + MR |
Choo 2018 [79] | Effect of cold water immersion and ingestion on psychophysiological and athletic performance | 22 | 245 (213 M, 32 F) | Cold water immersion, ice slurry ingestion | Athletic performance | ES |
Daanen 2018 [64] | Systematically review and analyze heat acclimation decay and reacclimation | 21 | 449 (428 M, 21 F) | Heat acclimation (decay) | Athletic performance | MR |
Douzi 2019 [75] | Evaluate effect of various methods of percooling on aerobic and anaerobic performance | 36 | a,c379 (356 M, 23 F) | Neck cooling, air-ventilation, cold fluid ingestion, ice vests, cooling garments | Athletic performance | ES |
Goodman 2019 [70] | Meta-analyze the effect of active hypohydration on cognitive performance | 10 | 179 (124 M, 55 F) | Hypohydration | Cognitive performance | ES |
Goulet 2011 [85] | Effect of exercise induced dehydration on time trial performance | 5 | 39 (32 M, 7 F) | Exercise induced dehydration | Athletic performance | ES + MR |
Hefferman 2019 | Systematically review trace mineral element supplementation on athletic performance | e15 | a377 (328 M, 49 F) | Sodium supplementation | Athletic performance | QUAL |
Holland 2017 [67] | Determine effect of fluid ingestion on exercise performance | 9 | 71 (64 M, 7 F) | Fluid ingestion | Athletic performance | ES + MR |
Jeffries 2019 [77] | Meta-analyze the effect of menthol use on athletic performance and psychophysiological responses | 11 | 126 (126 M, 0 F) | Internal and external menthol application | Athletic performance | ES |
Jones 2012 [66] | Summarize the effectiveness of pre cooling methods | 13 | 119 (108 M, 11 F) | Cold water immersion, cooling garment, cold water ingestion, ice slurry ingestion, leg cooling | Athletic performance | ES |
Junge 2016 [95] | The effect of environmental heat stress factors on cycling time trial performance | 14 | a145 (131 M, 14 F) | Environmental conditioning | Athletic and occupaltional performance | MR |
Martin 2019 [94] | Environmental heat stress on cognitive and military task performance | f31 | a683 (563 M, 120F) | Environmental heat stress | Cognitive and military task performance | QUAL |
McCartney 2017 [68] | Fluid intake following dehydration on physical and cognitive performance | 64 | 643 (598 M, 45 F) | Fluid ingestion | Athletic performance | ES |
McDermott 2009 [88] | Evaluate the effect of whole-body methods for reducing exercise induced hyperthermia | 7 | a68 (56 M, 12 F) | Cold water immersion, wet towels, cold air exposure, skin wetting with fan use, ice packs, | Athletic performance | QUAL |
McEntire 2013 [83] | Systematically review cooling techniques and practices among firefighters | 27 | a308 (287 M, 21 F) | Passive cooling in air, hand and arm immersion, foot immersion, cooling vests, hand cooling, intravenous cooling, fanning, fanning with misting, cooling sock, liquid and air cooled suits, | Firefighters | QUAL |
Rahimi 2019 [78] | Heat acclimation on athletic performance and psychophysiological responses | 11 | 215 (195 M, 20 F) | Heat acclimation | Athletic performance | ES |
Ranalli 2010 [74] | Effect of body cooling on exercise performance | c9 | a107 (92 M, 15 f) | Ice vest, cold water immersion, cooling collar | Athletic performance | %Increase |
Ross 2013 [97] | Evaluate the established pre-cooling literature | 64 | 631 (587 M, 44 F) | Cold air, cold water immersion, cooling packs, cooling vests, ice towels, cold water ingestion, cold air inhalatiion | Athletic performance | QUAL |
Ruddock 2017 [72] | Does cooling during exercise decrease physiological strain and improve exercise performance | 15 | 135 (135 M, 0 F) | Cold fluid, ice slurry, neck cooling collar, hand cooling, | Athletic performance | ES |
Stearns 2010 [87] | Meta-analyze the effect of protein and carbohydrate ingestion on exercise performance | d1 | a13 (7 M, 6 F) | Protein ingestion | Athletic performance | QUAL |
Tomes 2017 [71] | Effect of wearing protective body armour | 16 | 433 (353 M, 80 F) | Clothing variety (protective) | Law enforcement personnel wellbeing | QUAL |
Tyler 2015 [90] | Effect of pre and percooling on exercise performance and capacity in the heat | 38 | 335 (318 M, 17 F) | Mist and fan, ice vest, neck cooling collar | Athletic performance | ES |
Tyler 2016 [69] | Effect of heat acclimation on physiological, perceptual and performance variables | 96 | 1056 (980 M, 76 F) | Heat acclimation | Athletic performance | ES |
Vandenbogaerde 2011 | Conduct a meta-analysis to determine the effect of carbohydrates on athletic performance | 154 | 1628 (1469 M, 159 F) | Carbohydrate ingestion | Athletic performance | MR |
Walker 2016 [96] | Investigate the effect of fighting fires on hydration status | 10 | 225 (214 M, 11 F) | Hydration | Firefighter hydration | QUAL |
Wegmann 2012 [92] | Effect of pre cooling on sport performance | 27 | 268 (260 M, 8 F) | Cooling vest, cold water immersion, skin wetting, cooling packs, cold water ingestion, cold air | Athletic performance | ES |
Wittbrodt 2018 [98] | Determine the impact of dehydration on cognitive performance | 33 | 463 (396 M, 67 F) | Hydration | Athletic and occupational cognitive performance | ES + MR |