From: Exposure to Perflouroalkyl acids and foetal and maternal thyroid status: a review
Reference | Author Country Year | Effect estimate | TH | PFHxS | PFOS | PFOA | PFNA | PFDA | PFUnA | PFDoA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal PFAAs concentrations obtained during 1st Trimester | ||||||||||
  [39] | Preston USA 2018 | Difference in infant TH levels per quartile (Q2–4 vs. Q1) maternal PFAAs concentrations (95% CI) | TT4 | ↓ Q2: −0.76 (− 1.78, 0.26) | ↓ Q2: − 0.63 (− 1.64, 0.37) | ↓ Q2: − 0.44 (− 1.46, 0.59) | ↓ Q2: − 0.34 (− 1.42, 0.73) | – | – | – |
↓ Q3: − 0.96 (− 1.94, 0.03) | ↓ Q3: − 0.36 (− 1.39, 0.67) | ↓ Q3: − 0.35 (− 1.39, 0.69) | ↓ Q3: −0.60 (− 1.52, 0.31) | – | – | – | ||||
↓ Q4: −1.06 (− 2.06, − 0.06)* | ↓ Q4: − 1.10 (− 2.13, − 0.07)* | ↓ Q4: −1.13 (− 2.21, − 0.06)* | ↓ Q4: − 0.53 (− 1.56, 0.49) | – | – | – | ||||
Maternal PFAAs concentrations obtained during 3rd Trimester | ||||||||||
  [38] | Kato Japan 2016 | Linear regression: Adjusted β (p value) | FT4 | – | ↓: − 0.043 (0.452) | ↑: 0.003 (0.960) | – | – | – | – |
  [44] | Wang Taiwan 2014 | Linear regression: Adjusted β (95% CI) | FT4 | ↓: − 0.030 (− 0.098, 0.039) | ↑: 0.001 (− 0.006, 0.008) | ↓: − 0.029 (− 0.062, 0.004) | ↑: 0.001 (− 0.021, 0.023) | ↑: 0.020 (− 0.124, 0.164) | ↑: 0.002 (− 0.004, 0.007) | ↓: −0.009 (− 0.183, 0.165) |
TT4 | ↑: 0.002 (−0.495, 0.500) | ↑: 0.032 (−0.024, 0.087) | ↑: 0.128 (− 0.094, 0.350) | ↓: − 0.213 (− 0.384, − 0.042)* | ↓: −0.513 (− 1.732, 0.706) | ↓: − 0.052 (− 0.095, − 0.010)* | ↓:-1.920 (− 3.345, − 0.495)* | |||
TT3 | ↓: − 0.001 (− 0.007, 0.004) | ↑: 0.000 (− 0.000, 0.001) | ↓: −0.001 (− 0.004, 0.001) | ↓: − 0.002 (− 0.004, − 0.001)* | ↓: −0.017 (− 0.028, − 0.005)* | ↓: −0.001 (− 0.001, − 0.0002)* | ↓: −0.022 (− 0.035, − 0.009)* | |||
  [46] | Yang China 2016 | Infant TH vs maternal PFAAs Spearmans partial correlation analysis. p < 0.05. | FT3 | ↑: 0.125 | ↑: 0.191* | ↓: −0.105 | ↑: 0.094 | ↑: 0.154 | ↑: 0.108 | ↑: 0.116 |
FT4 | ↓: −0.016 | ↑: 0.053 | ↓: −0.045 | ↓: − 0.023 | ↑: 0.027 | ↑: 0.033 | ↑: 0.011 | |||
TT3 | ↑: 0.108 | ↑: 0.170* | ↓: −0.055 | ↑: 0.118 | ↑: 0.188* | ↑: 0.113 | ↑: 0.071 | |||
TT4 | ↑: 0.111 | ↑: 0.172* | ↑: 0.107 | ↑: 0.147 | ↑: 0.181* | ↑: 0.172* | ↑: 0.058 | |||
  [47] | Xiao Faroe Island 2019 | Percent change in thyroid hormone levels per doubling of PFAA concentrations (95% CI) | FT4I | ↑: 0.3 (−6.2, 7.3) | ↑: 6.7 (−1.5, 15.6) | ↑: 2.6 (− 3.1, 8.9) | ↑: 8.2 (−0.3, 17.4) | ↑: 8.4 (0.5, 17.0)* | ↑: 3.1 (−2.4, 9.0) | ↓: −0.6 (− 3.1, 1.9) |
FT3 | ↓: −2.4 (−9.2, 4.8) | ↓: −0.8 (− 9.1, 8.1) | ↑: 0.5 (− 5.6, 6.9) | ↑: 0.9 (− 7.6, 10.3) | ↑: 1.1 (− 6.9, 9.7) | ↑: 2.2 (− 3.6, 8.3) | ↓: − 1.5 (− 4.0, 1.2) | |||
FT4 | ↑: 14.2 (− 2.6, 33.8) | ↑: 15.6 (−4.5, 40.1) | ↑: 1.9 (− 11.5, 17.2) | ↑: 6.0 (− 13.1, 29.3) | ↑: 7.6 (− 10.7, 29.4) | ↓: − 0.4 (− 12.7, 8.3) | ↑: 1.6 (− 4.2, 1.2) | |||
TT4 | ↓: − 2.5 (− 9.1, 4.6) | ↑: 2.5 (− 5.7, 11.6) | ↑: 1.9 (− 4.1, 8.3) | ↑: 4.1 (− 4.5, 13.5) | ↑: 5.4 (− 2.8, 14.3) | ↑: 0.6 (− 5.1, 6.5) | ↓: −1.6 (− 4.1, 1.0) | |||
T3RU | ↑: 2.8 (− 0.6, 6.3) | ↑: 3.6 (− 0.5, 7.8) | ↑: 0.6 (− 2.4, 3.6) | ↑: 3.7 (− 0.6, 8.0) | ↑: 2.7 (− 1.1, 6.8) | ↑: 2.4 (− 0.4, 5.2) | ↑: 0.8 (− 0.4, 2.0) | |||
Cord blood serum/plasma PFAAs concentrations | ||||||||||
  [49] | Shah-Kulkarni Korea 2016 | Linear regression: Adjusted β (95% CI) | TT3 | ↑: 1.81 (− 0.66, 4.28) | ↑: 0.65 (− 0.80, 2.10) | ↓: − 0.01 (− 2.22, 2.20) | ↑: 0.07 (− 1.74, 1.92) | ↑: 2.40 (− 0.27, 5.09) | ↑: 1.06 (− 1.21, 3.34) | ↑: 1.69 (− 1.57, 4.96) |
TT4 | ↑: 0.03 (− 0.26, 0.32) | ↑: 0.14 (− 0.03, 0.31) | ↑: 0.001 (− 0.26, 0.26) | ↑: 0.04 (− 0.17, 0.26) | ↑: 0.13 (− 0.18, 0.45) | ↓: − 0.02 (− 0.29, 0.24) | ↓: − 0.07 (− 0.46, 0.31) | |||
  [50] | De Cock Netherland 2014 | Linear regression coefficients (95% CI): Change across quartiles (Q1 reference) Infant sex analysed separately | Male TT4 |  | ↓: Q2: −7.9 (− 31.56, 15.74) | ↑: Q2: 7.9 (− 18.04, 33.92) |  |  |  |  |
– | ↓: Q3: − 16.5 (− 40.32, 7.34) | ↓: Q3: − 2.1 (− 20.94, 16.78) | – | – | – | – | ||||
 | ↓: Q4: −9.6 (−32.57, 13.31) | ↑: Q4: 6.2 (− 16.08, 28.50) |  |  |  |  | ||||
Female TT4 |  | ↓: Q2: −1.3 (−30.45, 27.94) | ↓: Q2: −5.9 (− 26.75, 14.94) |  |  |  |  | |||
– | ↑: Q3: 4.5 (− 25.95, 34.92) | ↑: Q3: 11.8 (− 19.08, 42.72) | – | – | – | – | ||||
 | ↑: Q4: 15.9 (− 10.67, 42.40) | ↑: Q4: 38.6 (13.34, 63.83)* |  |  |  |  | ||||
  [51] | Tsai Taiwan 2017 | Linear regression: Adjusted β (95% CI) | TT4 | – | ↓: −0.458 (− 0.916,-0.001)* | ↓:-0.031 (− 0.404, 0.342) | ↑: 0.067 (− 0.252, 0.119) | – | ↑: 0.045 (− 0.223,0.313) | – |
TT3 | – | ↑: 0.027 (− 0.072, 0.125) | ↑: 0.025 (− 0.054, 0.103) | ↓: − 0.03 (− 0.069, 0.009) | – | ↑: 0.048 (− 0.008, 0.104) | – | |||
  [52] | Aimuzi China 2019 | Sparse partial least squares (SPLS): Adjusted β (95% CI) | FT4 | # | # | # | # | # | # | ↑: 0.19 (0.063, 0.304)* |
FT3 | # | ↑: 0.059 (0.023, 0.100)* | # | ↑: 0.024 (−0.027, 0.071) | ↓: − 0.008 (− 0.04, 0.026) | ↑: 0.018 (− 0.034, 0.077) | ↓: − 0.153 (− 0.212, − 0.106)* |