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Table 10 Association of PFAAs exposure and infant T4 and T3 (adjusted results)

From: Exposure to Perflouroalkyl acids and foetal and maternal thyroid status: a review

Reference

Author

Country

Year

Effect estimate

TH

PFHxS

PFOS

PFOA

PFNA

PFDA

PFUnA

PFDoA

Maternal PFAAs concentrations obtained during 1st Trimester

  [39]

Preston

USA

2018

Difference in infant TH levels per quartile (Q2–4 vs. Q1) maternal PFAAs concentrations (95% CI)

TT4

↓ Q2: −0.76 (− 1.78, 0.26)

↓ Q2: − 0.63 (− 1.64, 0.37)

↓ Q2: − 0.44 (− 1.46, 0.59)

↓ Q2: − 0.34 (− 1.42, 0.73)

–

–

–

↓ Q3: − 0.96 (− 1.94, 0.03)

↓ Q3: − 0.36 (− 1.39, 0.67)

↓ Q3: − 0.35 (− 1.39, 0.69)

↓ Q3: −0.60 (− 1.52, 0.31)

–

–

–

↓ Q4: −1.06 (− 2.06, − 0.06)*

↓ Q4: − 1.10 (− 2.13, − 0.07)*

↓ Q4: −1.13 (− 2.21, − 0.06)*

↓ Q4: − 0.53 (− 1.56, 0.49)

–

–

–

Maternal PFAAs concentrations obtained during 3rd Trimester

  [38]

Kato

Japan

2016

Linear regression: Adjusted β

(p value)

FT4

–

↓: − 0.043 (0.452)

↑: 0.003 (0.960)

–

–

–

–

  [44]

Wang

Taiwan

2014

Linear regression: Adjusted β (95% CI)

FT4

↓: − 0.030 (− 0.098, 0.039)

↑: 0.001 (− 0.006, 0.008)

↓: − 0.029 (− 0.062, 0.004)

↑: 0.001 (− 0.021, 0.023)

↑: 0.020 (− 0.124, 0.164)

↑: 0.002 (− 0.004, 0.007)

↓: −0.009 (− 0.183, 0.165)

TT4

↑: 0.002 (−0.495, 0.500)

↑: 0.032 (−0.024, 0.087)

↑: 0.128 (− 0.094, 0.350)

↓: − 0.213 (− 0.384, − 0.042)*

↓: −0.513 (− 1.732, 0.706)

↓: − 0.052 (− 0.095, − 0.010)*

↓:-1.920 (− 3.345, − 0.495)*

TT3

↓: − 0.001 (− 0.007, 0.004)

↑: 0.000 (− 0.000, 0.001)

↓: −0.001 (− 0.004, 0.001)

↓: − 0.002 (− 0.004, − 0.001)*

↓: −0.017 (− 0.028, − 0.005)*

↓: −0.001 (− 0.001, − 0.0002)*

↓: −0.022 (− 0.035, − 0.009)*

  [46]

Yang

China

2016

Infant TH vs maternal PFAAs Spearmans partial correlation analysis. p < 0.05.

FT3

↑: 0.125

↑: 0.191*

↓: −0.105

↑: 0.094

↑: 0.154

↑: 0.108

↑: 0.116

FT4

↓: −0.016

↑: 0.053

↓: −0.045

↓: − 0.023

↑: 0.027

↑: 0.033

↑: 0.011

TT3

↑: 0.108

↑: 0.170*

↓: −0.055

↑: 0.118

↑: 0.188*

↑: 0.113

↑: 0.071

TT4

↑: 0.111

↑: 0.172*

↑: 0.107

↑: 0.147

↑: 0.181*

↑: 0.172*

↑: 0.058

  [47]

Xiao

Faroe Island

2019

Percent change in thyroid hormone levels per doubling of PFAA concentrations (95% CI)

FT4I

↑: 0.3 (−6.2, 7.3)

↑: 6.7 (−1.5, 15.6)

↑: 2.6 (− 3.1, 8.9)

↑: 8.2 (−0.3, 17.4)

↑: 8.4 (0.5, 17.0)*

↑: 3.1 (−2.4, 9.0)

↓: −0.6 (− 3.1, 1.9)

FT3

↓: −2.4 (−9.2, 4.8)

↓: −0.8 (− 9.1, 8.1)

↑: 0.5 (− 5.6, 6.9)

↑: 0.9 (− 7.6, 10.3)

↑: 1.1 (− 6.9, 9.7)

↑: 2.2 (− 3.6, 8.3)

↓: − 1.5 (− 4.0, 1.2)

FT4

↑: 14.2 (− 2.6, 33.8)

↑: 15.6 (−4.5, 40.1)

↑: 1.9 (− 11.5, 17.2)

↑: 6.0 (− 13.1, 29.3)

↑: 7.6 (− 10.7, 29.4)

↓: − 0.4 (− 12.7, 8.3)

↑: 1.6 (− 4.2, 1.2)

TT4

↓: − 2.5 (− 9.1, 4.6)

↑: 2.5 (− 5.7, 11.6)

↑: 1.9 (− 4.1, 8.3)

↑: 4.1 (− 4.5, 13.5)

↑: 5.4 (− 2.8, 14.3)

↑: 0.6 (− 5.1, 6.5)

↓: −1.6 (− 4.1, 1.0)

T3RU

↑: 2.8 (− 0.6, 6.3)

↑: 3.6 (− 0.5, 7.8)

↑: 0.6 (− 2.4, 3.6)

↑: 3.7 (− 0.6, 8.0)

↑: 2.7 (− 1.1, 6.8)

↑: 2.4 (− 0.4, 5.2)

↑: 0.8 (− 0.4, 2.0)

Cord blood serum/plasma PFAAs concentrations

  [49]

Shah-Kulkarni

Korea

2016

Linear regression: Adjusted β (95% CI)

TT3

↑: 1.81

(− 0.66, 4.28)

↑: 0.65

(− 0.80, 2.10)

↓: − 0.01

(− 2.22, 2.20)

↑: 0.07

(− 1.74, 1.92)

↑: 2.40

(− 0.27, 5.09)

↑: 1.06

(− 1.21, 3.34)

↑: 1.69

(− 1.57, 4.96)

TT4

↑: 0.03

(− 0.26, 0.32)

↑: 0.14

(− 0.03, 0.31)

↑: 0.001

(− 0.26, 0.26)

↑: 0.04

(− 0.17, 0.26)

↑: 0.13

(− 0.18, 0.45)

↓: − 0.02

(− 0.29, 0.24)

↓: − 0.07

(− 0.46, 0.31)

  [50]

De Cock

Netherland

2014

Linear regression coefficients (95% CI): Change across quartiles (Q1 reference)

Infant sex analysed separately

Male TT4

 

↓: Q2: −7.9

(− 31.56, 15.74)

↑: Q2: 7.9

(− 18.04, 33.92)

    

–

↓: Q3: − 16.5

(− 40.32, 7.34)

↓: Q3: − 2.1

(− 20.94, 16.78)

–

–

–

–

 

↓: Q4: −9.6

(−32.57, 13.31)

↑: Q4: 6.2

(− 16.08, 28.50)

    

Female TT4

 

↓: Q2: −1.3

(−30.45, 27.94)

↓: Q2: −5.9

(− 26.75, 14.94)

    

–

↑: Q3: 4.5

(− 25.95, 34.92)

↑: Q3: 11.8

(− 19.08, 42.72)

–

–

–

–

 

↑: Q4: 15.9

(− 10.67, 42.40)

↑: Q4: 38.6

(13.34, 63.83)*

    

  [51]

Tsai

Taiwan

2017

Linear regression: Adjusted β (95% CI)

TT4

–

↓: −0.458

(− 0.916,-0.001)*

↓:-0.031

(− 0.404, 0.342)

↑: 0.067

(− 0.252, 0.119)

–

↑: 0.045

(− 0.223,0.313)

–

TT3

–

↑: 0.027

(− 0.072, 0.125)

↑: 0.025

(− 0.054, 0.103)

↓: − 0.03

(− 0.069, 0.009)

–

↑: 0.048

(− 0.008, 0.104)

–

  [52]

Aimuzi

China

2019

Sparse partial least squares (SPLS): Adjusted β (95% CI)

FT4

#

#

#

#

#

#

↑: 0.19

(0.063, 0.304)*

FT3

#

↑: 0.059

(0.023, 0.100)*

#

↑: 0.024

(−0.027, 0.071)

↓: − 0.008

(− 0.04, 0.026)

↑: 0.018

(− 0.034, 0.077)

↓: − 0.153

(− 0.212, − 0.106)*

  1. TT3 (total triiodothyronine), FT3 (total triiodothyronine), TT4 (total thyroxine), FT4 (free thyroxine), FT4I (free thyroxine index), ↓ decreasing, ↑ increasing, bold format and star* indicate significant results P < 0.05, −: PFAAs not examined, # indicates association was not selected in SPLS model, Q1 (1st quartile), Q2 (2nd quartile), Q3 (3rd quartile), Q4 (4th quartile), IQR (interquartile range)
  2. PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOA Perfluorooctanoate, PFHxS Perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFNA Perfluorononanoic acid, PFDA Perfluorodecanoic acid, PFUnA Perfluoroundecanoic acid, PFDoA Perfluorododecanoic acid