Author | Publication year | Country (region) | Number of subjects | Study period | Buffer size examined (m) | Adjustment factors | Definition of birth weight | Outcome | Multivariable model used | NDVI exposure unitsa | Effect size calculation for meta-analysis a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject demographics | Air quality | Civilization factor | |||||||||||
Cusack et al. [22] | 2017 | US (Austin) | 88,807 | 2005–2009 | 50, 250, 500, 1000 | Mother’s and father’s age, smoking, gestational age, baby’s sex, year, month, mother’s and father’s education, prenatal care, parity, race/ethnicity, household income, % without high school education, unemployment, % below poverty, % white, % Hispanic | NO2 | Population density | Birthweight for full term babies (≥37 weeks of gestation) | Birthweight | Stratified multivariable linear regression model for outcome (birthweight) | 0.1 | B → β |
US (Portland) | 90,265 | SD of NDIV was imputed using its IQR | |||||||||||
Agay-Shay et al. [23] | 2014 | Israel | 39,134 | 2000–2006 | 100, 250, 500 | Maternal origin of birth, infant sex, infant religion, marital status, season of conception, maternal age, year of birth, ward-based socioecological status, week of gestation |  |  | Term birthweight (gestational age at delivery ≥37 weeks) | Birth weight, LBW, VLBW and SGA, PTD and VPTD | Multivariable linear model for (birthweight) / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW and SGA), (PTD and VPTD) | IQR | B → β |
Laurent et al. [24] | 2013 | US | 81,186 | 1997–2006 | 50, 100, 150 | Maternal age and maternal age squared, length of gestation and length of gestation squared, poverty and poverty squared, insurance status, race/ethnicity, parity, diabetes, and infant’s sex | NOx or PM10 or PM2.5 orLocal traffic-generated NOx | Traffic density within 50 m | Infants born at term (≥37 weeks of gestation) | Birth weight, PTD, and VPTD | GEE (generalized estimation equations) for (birthweight), (PTD and VPTD) | IQR | B → β |
SD of NDIV is imputed using its IQR SD of birth weight is imputed b) | |||||||||||||
Glazer et al. [25] | 2018 | US | 56,633 | 2001–2012 | 150, 250, 500 | mother’s age, prenatal visits, tobacco use, parity, education, race, insurance, marital status, gestational age, neighborhood SES |  | Town of residence (such as access to medical care and walkability) | Term birth weight | Birth weight, LBW, VLBW and SGA; PTD and VPTD | Multivariable linear model for (birthweight) / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW, and SGA), (PTD and VPTD) | IQR | B → β |
SD of NDIV for 250 m buffer size is imputed by that of 500 m buffer size | |||||||||||||
Hystad et al. [26] | 2014 | Canada | 64,705 | 1999–2002 | 100 | Sex, parity, First Nations status, maternal age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, income, year and month of birth, completed weeks of gestation | NO, NO2, PM2.5, BC | Noise, Walkability/parks | Term births weight (≥37 weeks of gestation) | Birth weight, LBW, VLBW, and SGA, PTD and VPTD | Multivariable linear model for (birthweight) / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW, and SGA), (PTD and VPTD) | IQR | B → β |
Fong et al. [27] | 2018 | US (0.25–0.50 NDVI) | 780,435 | 2001–2013 | 250 | Maternal age, race, smoking before or during pregnancy, education, parity, chronic diabetes, gestational diabetes, chronic high blood pressure, gestational high blood pressure, Kessner index of adequacy of prenatal care, birth mode of delivery, clinical gestational age, newborn sex, government support for prenatal care, season of birth, year of birth, proportion census black population, Census median household income | PM2.5 | Population density | Full-term births (≥37 weeks gestation) | Birth weight, LBW, VLBW, and SGA | Nonlinear (logistic) model with a natural spline for (birth weight), (LBW, VLBW, and SGA) | 0.1 | B → β |
US (0.50–0.75 NDVI) | |||||||||||||
Markevych et al. [28] | 2014 | Germany | 3203 | 1996–1999 | 100, 250, 500, 800 | Study, year of birth, season of birth, sex, maternal age, maternal education level, maternal smoking during pregnancy | NO2 or PM2.5 | Proximity to the major road or population density | Full-term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks) with a normal birth weight (> 2500 g) | Birth weight | Multivariable linear regression model | IQR | B → β |
Dadvand et al. [16] | 2012 | Spain | 2393 | 2003–2008 | 100, 250, 500 | Gestational age, maternal age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education level, pregestational BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, smoking, alcohol consumption, parity, sex of infant, paternal BMI, season of conception | NO2 |  | Term births (gestational age at delivery ≥37 weeks) | Birth weight | Linear mixed models with a random intercept | IQR | B → β |
SD of NDIV is imputed using its IQR | |||||||||||||
Grazuleviciene et al. [20] | 2015 | Lithuania | 3292 | 2007–2009 | 100, 300, 500 | Maternal and paternal height, maternal active smoking, marital status, infant sex, gestation duration, parity, BMI, previous preterm birth, maternal diabetes and chronic hearth diseases |  |  |  | LBW, VLBW, and SGA; PTD and VPTD | Multivariable linear model / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW and SGA), (PTD and VPTD) | IQR | B → β |
Cusack [29] | 2018 | Canada | 2510 | 2009–2012 | 100, 250, 500, 1000 | Gestational age, infant sex, year and month of birth, mother’s age, mothers smoking during pregnancy, mother/father education, mother/father race/ ethnicity, household income, indoor air quality index, and city | NO2, PM2.5, O3 | Population density at 1 km | Term birth weight (≥37 weeks of gestation) | Birth weight | Linear mixed models with a random intercept for (birthweight) | IQR | B → β |
SD of NDIV is imputed using its IQR a) |