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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies regarding the effects of the NDVI on birth weight and risk of low birth weight or preterm birth

From: Greenness, civil environment, and pregnancy outcomes: perspectives with a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Publication year

Country (region)

Number of subjects

Study period

Buffer size examined (m)

Adjustment factors

Definition of birth weight

Outcome

Multivariable model used

NDVI exposure unitsa

Effect size calculation for meta-analysis a

Subject demographics

Air quality

Civilization factor

Cusack et al. [22]

2017

US (Austin)

88,807

2005–2009

50, 250, 500, 1000

Mother’s and father’s age, smoking, gestational age, baby’s sex, year, month, mother’s and father’s education, prenatal care, parity, race/ethnicity, household income, % without high school education, unemployment, % below poverty, % white, % Hispanic

NO2

Population density

Birthweight for full term babies (≥37 weeks of gestation)

Birthweight

Stratified multivariable linear regression model for outcome (birthweight)

0.1

B → β

US (Portland)

90,265

SD of NDIV was imputed using its IQR

Agay-Shay et al. [23]

2014

Israel

39,134

2000–2006

100, 250, 500

Maternal origin of birth, infant sex, infant religion, marital status, season of conception, maternal age, year of birth, ward-based socioecological status, week of gestation

  

Term birthweight (gestational age at delivery ≥37 weeks)

Birth weight, LBW, VLBW and SGA, PTD and VPTD

Multivariable linear model for (birthweight) / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW and SGA), (PTD and VPTD)

IQR

B → β

Laurent et al. [24]

2013

US

81,186

1997–2006

50, 100, 150

Maternal age and maternal age squared, length of gestation and length of gestation squared, poverty and poverty squared, insurance status, race/ethnicity, parity, diabetes, and infant’s sex

NOx or PM10 or PM2.5 orLocal traffic-generated NOx

Traffic density within 50 m

Infants born at term (≥37 weeks of gestation)

Birth weight, PTD, and VPTD

GEE (generalized estimation equations) for (birthweight), (PTD and VPTD)

IQR

B → β

SD of NDIV is imputed using its IQR

SD of birth weight is imputed b)

Glazer et al. [25]

2018

US

56,633

2001–2012

150, 250, 500

mother’s age, prenatal visits, tobacco use, parity, education, race, insurance, marital status, gestational age, neighborhood SES

 

Town of residence (such as access to medical care and walkability)

Term birth weight

Birth weight, LBW, VLBW and SGA; PTD and VPTD

Multivariable linear model for (birthweight) / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW, and SGA), (PTD and VPTD)

IQR

B → β

SD of NDIV for 250 m buffer size is imputed by that of 500 m buffer size

Hystad et al. [26]

2014

Canada

64,705

1999–2002

100

Sex, parity, First Nations status, maternal age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, income, year and month of birth, completed weeks of gestation

NO, NO2, PM2.5, BC

Noise, Walkability/parks

Term births weight (≥37 weeks of gestation)

Birth weight, LBW, VLBW, and SGA, PTD and VPTD

Multivariable linear model for (birthweight) / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW, and SGA), (PTD and VPTD)

IQR

B → β

Fong et al. [27]

2018

US (0.25–0.50 NDVI)

780,435

2001–2013

250

Maternal age, race, smoking before or during pregnancy, education, parity, chronic diabetes, gestational diabetes, chronic high blood pressure, gestational high blood pressure, Kessner index of adequacy of prenatal care, birth mode of delivery, clinical gestational age, newborn sex, government support for prenatal care, season of birth, year of birth, proportion census black population, Census median household income

PM2.5

Population density

Full-term births (≥37 weeks gestation)

Birth weight, LBW, VLBW, and SGA

Nonlinear (logistic) model with a natural spline for (birth weight), (LBW, VLBW, and SGA)

0.1

B → β

US (0.50–0.75 NDVI)

Markevych et al. [28]

2014

Germany

3203

1996–1999

100, 250, 500, 800

Study, year of birth, season of birth, sex, maternal age, maternal education level, maternal smoking during pregnancy

NO2 or PM2.5

Proximity to the major road or population density

Full-term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks) with a normal birth weight (> 2500 g)

Birth weight

Multivariable linear regression model

IQR

B → β

Dadvand et al. [16]

2012

Spain

2393

2003–2008

100, 250, 500

Gestational age, maternal age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education level, pregestational BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, smoking, alcohol consumption, parity, sex of infant, paternal BMI, season of conception

NO2

 

Term births (gestational age at delivery ≥37 weeks)

Birth weight

Linear mixed models with a random intercept

IQR

B → β

SD of NDIV is imputed using its IQR

Grazuleviciene et al. [20]

2015

Lithuania

3292

2007–2009

100, 300, 500

Maternal and paternal height, maternal active smoking, marital status, infant sex, gestation duration, parity, BMI, previous preterm birth, maternal diabetes and chronic hearth diseases

   

LBW, VLBW, and SGA; PTD and VPTD

Multivariable linear model / multivariable logistic regression model for (LBW, VLBW and SGA), (PTD and VPTD)

IQR

B → β

Cusack [29]

2018

Canada

2510

2009–2012

100, 250, 500, 1000

Gestational age, infant sex, year and month of birth, mother’s age, mothers smoking during pregnancy, mother/father education, mother/father race/ ethnicity, household income, indoor air quality index, and city

NO2, PM2.5, O3

Population density at 1 km

Term birth weight (≥37 weeks of gestation)

Birth weight

Linear mixed models with a random intercept for (birthweight)

IQR

B → β

SD of NDIV is imputed using its IQR a)

  1. aAbbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, B Unstandardized adjusted regression coefficient, β Standardized adjusted regression coefficient, SD Standard deviation; IQR Interquartile range, LBW Low birth weight, VLBW Very low birth weight, SGA Small for gestational age, PTD Preterm delivery, VPTD Very preterm delivery, BMI Body mass index
  2. The SD of NDVI for 100- and 250-m buffer distance was imputed by the IQR of the 500-m buffer distance
  3. The SD of the birthweight was imputed as the average SD of other studies