Table 3 Neurodevelopmental outcomes of manganese exposure measured in drinking water
Author, Year | Age (Years) | Country/ Study Name | Number (Girls/Boys) | Sources | Neurological Assessments | Associations between Manganese in Drinking Water and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes | Adjustment for Covariates | Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neurodevelopmental outcomes from cohort studies | ||||||||
Dion 2018 [20] | 10.5–18 | Canada | 287 (151/136) | Ground water | WASI | W-Mn and time-averaged W-Mn: ↓: IQ among girls | Maternal IQ, education and income | High |
Rahman 2017 [69] | 10 | Bangladesh | 1265 (609/656) | Well water | WISC-IV, SDQ | Prenatal W-Mn: ↑: cognition in girls, W-Mn: ↓: behavior | Maternal IQ, SES, child age, sex, education, height for age, Hb, school type, HOME, tester, number of siblings and arsenic | High |
Rodrigues 2016 [70] | 1.6–3.3 | Bangladesh | 525 (264/261) | Drinking water from well water | BSID-III | W-Mn: an inverse-U relationship with fine motor function, cognition: NS | Maternal age, maternal education, passive smoking, child’s sex, HOME score, maternal IQ and child’s hematocrit levels | High |
Neurodevelopmental outcomes from cross-sectional studies | ||||||||
Bouchard 2011 [16] | 6–13 | Canada | 362 (194/168) | Ground water | WASI | W-Mn and estimated Mn intake from water consumption: ↓: IQ, estimated Mn intake from dietary: NS | Maternal education and IQ, income, home stimulation score, family structure, sex and age of child, IQ testing session, source of water and level of iron in tap water | High |
Bouchard 2018 [8] | 6–14 | Canada | 259 (132/127) | Drinking water from ground water | WISC-IV | NS, possible beneficial effects in boys | Child’s age, maternal IQ and education, income and IQ tester | High |
do Nascimento 2015 [49] | 6–12 | Brazil | 69 (34/35) | Drinking water from well water | RCPM | W-Mn: ↓: cognitive function | Age, sex and parents’ education | High |
Khan 2011 [56] | 8–11 | Bangladesh | 201 (100/101) | Drinking water from well water | CBCL | W-Mn: ↓: behaviors (classroom behavioral problems) | Arsenic, sex, BMI, maternal education and arm circumference | High |
Khan 2012 [71] | 8–11 | Bangladesh | 840 (444/396) | Well water | AARES | W-Mn > 400 μg/L: ↓: mathematics test | School-grade, parental education and head circumference and controlling for within-teacher correlations in rating the children | High |
Nascimento 2016 [63] | 6–12 | Brazil | 63 (31/32) | Potential contamination from pesticide | NEUPSILIN-Inf | W-Mn: ↓: written language and executive functions | IQ, age, sex and parents’ education | High |
Oulhote 2014 [15] | 6–13 | Canada | 375 (200/175) | Drinking water from ground water | WASI, CPT-II, FT, SA | W-Mn: ↓: memory, Mn intake from water:↓: motor function | Child’s sex, age, maternal education and IQ, income, maternal depressive symptoms and tap water lead | High |
Wasserman 2006 [9] | 10 | Bangladesh | 142 (72/70) | Drinking water from well water | WISC-III | W-Mn: ↓: IQ | Maternal education and IQ, house type, family ownership of a television, child height and head circumference | High |