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Table 1 Characteristics of study patients and their associations with developing composite cardiovascular disease events based on the results of univariate analyses of Bayesian spatial survival analysis

From: Association of ambient air pollution with cardiovascular disease risks in people with type 2 diabetes: a Bayesian spatial survival analysis

Characteristics

Mean (SD) or proportion

HR (95% credible interval)

Age at index date (years)

69.573 (10.939)

1.036 (1.028, 1.045)

Male (%)

52.075%

1.220 (1.022, 1.474)

Duration of diabetes at index date (years)

9.647 (1.112)

0.935 (0.867, 1.040)

aDCSI (score)

2.296 (1.856)

1.211 (1.170, 1.255)

Second-line glucose-lowering agent at index date (%)

 Sulfonylurea

65.347%

(ref.)

 Acarbose

10.907%

0.921 (0.682, 1.192)

 Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor

10.714%

0.670 (0.514, 0.942)

 Meglitinide

8.639%

1.733 (1.436, 2.170)

 Thiazolidinedione

4.393%

1.116 (0.713, 1.703)

Comorbidities and diabetes-related complications within 1 year before index date (%)

 Hypertension

77.703%

1.279 (1.031, 1.595)

 Dyslipidemia

42.568%

0.786 (0.647, 0.908)

 Retinopathy

32.288%

1.142 (0.971, 1.321)

 Nephropathy

13.851%

1.392 (1.056, 1.703)

 Neuropathy

17.905%

0.899 (0.710, 1.079)

 Peripheral vascular disease

9.846%

1.301 (0.968, 1.658)

CVD-related medications within 1 year before index date (%)

 Lipid-modifying agent

43.243%

0.939 (0.781, 1.112)

 α-blocker

8.929%

1.090 (0.806, 1.445)

 β-blocker

48.069%

1.172 (1.005, 1.343)

 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone agent

52.027%

1.194 (0.973, 1.408)

 Diuretics

28.427%

1.941 (1.638, 2.282)

 Calcium channel blocker

58.832%

1.074 (0.912, 1.259)

 Antiarrhythmic

6.129%

1.459 (1.131, 1.822)

 Cardiac glycoside

4.778%

2.962 (2.277, 3.859)

 Vasodilator

29.054%

2.352 (2.000, 2.742)

 Antiplatelet agent

69.932%

1.166 (0.984, 1.397)

 Anticoagulant

2.799%

2.104 (1.468, 3.298)

Monthly concentrations of air pollutants during the follow-up

 CO (ppm)

0.501 (0.170)

3.791 (1.945, 8.088)

 NO (ppb)

5.446 (4.026)

1.088 (1.032, 1.129)

 NO2 (ppb)

17.320 (5.628)

1.120 (1.079, 1.166)

 NOx (ppb)

22.603 (8.993)

1.066 (1.046, 1.093)

 O3 (ppb)

27.767 (4.648)

1.024 (0.984, 1.073)

 PM10 (μg/m3)

54.506 (17.207)

1.052 (1.028, 1.070)

 PM2.5 (μg/m3)

31.294 (9.425)

1.105 (1.080, 1.135)

 SO2 (ppb)

3.876 (1.527)

2.095 (1.738, 2.352)

  1. Abbreviations: SD Standard deviation, aDCSI adapted Diabetes Complication Severity Index, CVD Cardiovascular disease
  2. Index date refers to the date of the beginning of second-line glucose-lowering agent therapy