Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (189 mother-newborn pairs)
Characteristic | N (%) | Mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|
Newborns | ||
 Sex | ||
 Male | 98 (51.9) |  |
 Female | 91 (48.1) |  |
 Ethnicity | ||
 European | 170 (89.9) |  |
 Non-European | 19 (10.1) |  |
 Season of birth | ||
 Winter | 42 (22.2) |  |
 Spring | 82 (43.4) |  |
 Summer | 26 (13.8) |  |
 Autumn | 39 (20.6) |  |
 Birth weight (kg) |  | 3.40 ± 0.48 |
 Ponderal index (g/cm3) |  | 2.69 ± 0.22 |
 Gestational age (weeks) |  | 39.1 ± 1.6 |
 < 37 | 14 (7.4) |  |
 37 | 6 (3.2) |  |
 38 | 26 (13.8) |  |
 39 | 46 (24.3) |  |
 40 | 72 (38.1) |  |
 41 | 25 (13.2) |  |
 Date of birth (days) |  | 207 ± 102 |
Mothers | ||
 Educational level | ||
 Low | 27 (14.3) |  |
 Middle | 65 (34.4) |  |
 High | 97 (51.3) |  |
 Smoking status | ||
 Never smoker | 122 (64.6) |  |
 Former smoker | 41 (21.7) |  |
 Smoker | 26 (13.8) |  |
 Parity | ||
 Primiparous | 104 (55.0) |  |
 Secundiparous | 59 (31.2) |  |
 Multiparous | 26 (13.8) |  |
 With pregnancy complications | 40 (21.2) |  |
 Age (years) |  | 29.3 ± 4.3 |
 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) |  | 24.2 ± 4.2 |