Level | Covariates |  | Non-Alzheimer’s dementia (N = 633949) | Parkinson’s disease (N = 634432) | |||||||||||||
Case (N = 13170) | Non-case (N = 620779) | Case (N = 4201) | Non-case (N = 630231) | ||||||||||||||
Individual | Age | Minimum | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | |||||||||||
Median | 76 | 57 | 72 | 58 | |||||||||||||
Maximum | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | |||||||||||||
Interquartile | 9 | 18 | 12 | 18 | |||||||||||||
 | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |||||||||
Sex | Female | 7785 | 59.1 | 325967 | 52.5 | 1941 | 46.2 | 332255 | 52.7 | ||||||||
Male | 5385 | 40.9 | 294812 | 47.5 | 2260 | 53.8 | 297976 | 47.3 | |||||||||
Comorbiditya | No | 6684 | 50.7 | 454399 | 73.2 | 2319 | 55.2 | 458996 | 72.8 | ||||||||
Yes | 6486 | 49.3 | 166380 | 26.8 | 1882 | 44.8 | 171235 | 27.2 | |||||||||
Neighborhood | Household income | Lowest | 3426 | 26.0 | 113002 | 18.2 | 968 | 23.0 | 115566 | 18.4 | |||||||
Low | 2713 | 20.6 | 113505 | 18.3 | 857 | 20.4 | 115441 | 18.3 | |||||||||
Middle | 2307 | 17.5 | 122122 | 19.7 | 772 | 18.4 | 123781 | 19.6 | |||||||||
Upper middle | 2323 | 17.6 | 130843 | 20.1 | 745 | 17.7 | 132509 | 21.0 | |||||||||
Upper | 2401 | 18.3 | 141307 | 23.7 | 859 | 20.5 | 142934 | 22.7 | |||||||||
Education | Less than secondary | 1851 | 14.0 | 80501 | 12.9 | 574 | 13.7 | 81883 | 13.0 | ||||||||
Secondary | 3575 | 27.2 | 168156 | 27.1 | 1108 | 26.4 | 170756 | 27.1 | |||||||||
Post-secondary | 7744 | 58.8 | 372122 | 60.0 | 2519 | 59.9 | 377592 | 59.9 | |||||||||
Chinese | <10% of population in Neighborhood | 6325 | 48.0 | 295442 | 47.6 | 2024 | 48.2 | 300035 | 47.6 | ||||||||
> 10% of population in Neighborhood | 6845 | 52.0 | 325337 | 52.4 | 2177 | 51.8 | 330196 | 52.4 | |||||||||
South Asian | <10% of population in Neighborhood | 6538 | 49.7 | 294834 | 47.5 | 2019 | 48.1 | 299608 | 47.5 | ||||||||
> 10% of population in Neighborhood | 6632 | 50.3 | 325945 | 52.5 | 2182 | 51.9 | 330623 | 52.5 | |||||||||
Visible minority | <10% of population in Neighborhood | 10293 | 78.2 | 487142 | 78.5 | 3305 | 78.7 | 494477 | 78.5 | ||||||||
> 10% of population in Neighborhood | 2877 | 21.8 | 133637 | 21.5 | 896 | 21.3 | 135754 | 21.5 | |||||||||
Exposures |  |  | Non-Alzheimer’s dementia (N = 633949) | Parkinson’s disease (N = 634432) | |||||||||||||
Case (N = 13170) | Non-case (N = 620779) | Case (N = 4201) | Non-case (N = 630231) | ||||||||||||||
Road proximity | Â | Â | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |||||||
Highway <50m | No | 12896 | 97.9 | 607594 | 97.9 | 4104 | 97.7 | 279741 | 97.9 | ||||||||
 | Yes | 274 | 2.1 | 13185 | 2.1 | 97 | 2.3 | 13375 | 2.1 | ||||||||
Highway <150m | No | 12417 | 94.3 | 586089 | 94.4 | 3961 | 94.3 | 595005 | 94.4 | ||||||||
 | Yes | 753 | 5.7 | 34690 | 5.6 | 240 | 5.7 | 35226 | 5.6 | ||||||||
Major road <50m | No | 12112 | 91.9 | 575818 | 92.8 | 3878 | 92.3 | 584493 | 92.7 | ||||||||
Yes | 1058 | 8.1 | 44961 | 7.2 | 323 | 7.7 | 45738 | 7.3 | |||||||||
Major road <50m or Highway <150m | No | 11472 | 87.1 | 546563 | 88.0 | 3679 | 87.6 | 554783 | 88.0 | ||||||||
Yes | 1698 | 12.9 | 74216 | 12.0 | 522 | 12.4 | 75448 | 12.0 | |||||||||
Air pollution | Â | Minimum | Medium | Maximum | Interquartile | Minimum | Medium | Maximum | Interquartile | Minimum | Medium | Maximum | Interquartile | Minimum | Medium | Maximum | Interquartile |
PM2.5 (μg/m³) | 0.00 | 4.1 | 10.3 | 1.5 | 0.00 | 4.0 | 10.6 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 10.4 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 10.6 | 1.6 | |
Black carbon (μg/m³) | 0.00 | 1.1 | 5.02 | 1.2 | 0.00 | 0.8 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 5.6 | 1.0 | |
NO2 (ppb) | 12.0 | 31.1 | 61.4 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 29.9 | 66.6 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 31.3 | 57.7 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 29.9 | 66.6 | 9.0 | |
NO (ppb) | 6.8 | 29.5 | 119.3 | 12.1 | 6.6 | 28.4 | 176.6 | 13.6 | 8.2 | 29.7 | 101.0 | 13.7 | 6.6 | 28.4 | 176.6 | 13.6 | |
Noise (Lden dB(A)) | Â | 33.0 | 60.8 | 86.5 | 6.0 | 4.4 | 60.7 | 92.4 | 5.5 | 35.4 | 60.8 | 79.7 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 60.7 | 92.4 | 5.5 |
Greenness (NDVI) | Â | -0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | -0.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 |